Biology 102

Biology 102 Chapter 25 notes on homeostasis, the endocrine system, and the immune system. Covers hormone signaling, target cells, negative and positive feedback, the fight or flight response, pathogen defenses, innate and adaptive immunity, white blood cells, antibodies, and antigens.

Biology 102 Chapter 24 notes on human physiology, covering the circulatory system with heart, blood, and vessels; respiratory system and gas exchange; urinary system with kidney function and nephron processes; and nervous system including neurons, sensory receptors, CNS, PNS, and reflexes.

Biology 102 Chapter 23 notes on human nutrition and digestion, covering macronutrients, micronutrients, and essential nutrients. Explains food processing through ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination, detailing the structure and function of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), and large intestine, including nutrient absorption, enzyme activity, bile, villi, and microbiome fermentation.

Biology Chapter 22 notes on homeostasis and human organ systems, covering tissue types, 11 organ systems, and processes that maintain internal conditions. Includes feedback mechanisms, gametogenesis, meiosis, the ovarian cycle, fertilization, zygote development, cleavage, gastrulation, and stages of embryonic growth and childbirth.

Biology 102 Chapters 18 & 20 notes on ecology, covering levels of ecological research, biotic and abiotic factors, weather and climate, global cycles including water and carbon, climate change, and human impacts. Explains community ecology, species diversity, trophic structure, food chains and webs, keystone species, interspecific interactions like competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism, ecological niches, and predator-prey adaptations.

Biology 102 Chapter 17 notes on animal diversity, covering major animal groups, body symmetry, early development, and key traits of each phylum. Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, mollusks, annelids, nematodes, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates, explaining features like molting, segmentation, water-vascular systems, vertebrate evolution, and adaptations from fish to mammals.

Biology 102 Chapter 15 & 16 notes on the three domains of life, comparing bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Covers prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures, protists, plant diversity, vascular and seed plants, and fungi. Includes extremophiles, protist diseases, autotrophs vs heterotrophs, and key plant groups like bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

Biology 102 Chapter 13 & 14 notes on species, speciation, taxonomy, and the tree of life. Covers the biological species concept, reproductive isolation, binomial nomenclature, phylogenetic trees, clades, and the three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Biology 102 Chapter 11 & 12 notes on evolution, covering natural selection, adaptation, genetic drift, mutations, and gene flow. Explains microevolution and macroevolution, Darwin’s theory, evidence from fossils and homologous traits, and mechanisms like the bottleneck effect, founder effect, and sexual selection.