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Laatste content Pennfoster College
study guide summarizing foundational concepts in healthcare systems, medical history, facility organization, and healthcare careers — especially those relevant to Health Information Management (HIM) and medical coding. 
1. Introduction to Healthcare 
	•	Explains how rising U.S. healthcare costs led to strict medical necessity standards and pre-admission testing. 
	•	Covers the shift toward outpatient services and consumer demand for preventive, cost-effective care. 
 
 
 
2. History of Med...
Lesson 3: Cleaning, Decontamination, and Disinfection in the Sterile Processing Technician, Part One course from Penn Foster. Learn about Contamination, Decontamination, Decontamination in an Instrument Rack, Cleaning, Methods of Cleaning, Detergents, Disinfection, and Thermal Disinfection.
Organic Chemistry ACS Final Exam Questions With Correct Verified Solutions A+ Graded 
 
Basicity rules - ANS -strong base: unstable/reactive (ED groups) 
-weak base: stable (EW groups/more EN/bigger) 
 
Chair conformation - ANS -more stable equatorial (slanted) 
-pointing up/pointing down=cis if both up 
-elimination: trans and diaxial 
 
Newman projection - ANS -gauche: substituent groups adjacent to each other 
-grab middle and turn to put in plane 
 
Enantiomers - ANS -not superimpos...
Organic Chemistry ACS Final Exam Questions And Answers All Verified By An Expert A+ Graded 
ketone 
 
aldehyde 
 
carboxylic acid 
 
ester
O-H and N-H IR shift - 3400 cm⁻¹ 
 
C-H SP³ IR shift - cm⁻¹ 
 
C-H SP₂ IR shift - cm⁻¹ 
 
C-H SP IR Shift - 3300 cm⁻¹ 
 
3x bond C-C IR shift - 2100 cm⁻¹ 
 
C=O IR shift - 1700 cm⁻¹ 
 
C=C and C-C aromatic IR shift - 1600 cm⁻¹ 
 
Aromatic C-C IR shift - 1500 cm⁻¹ 
 
HNMR shift of methyl hydrogen - 1 ppm 
 
HNMR shift of hydrogen attached to SP2 carbon - 2 ppm 
 
HNMR shift of aromatic hydrogen - 7-8 ppm 
 
HNMR shift of hydrogen attached to SP3 carbon attached to a p...
C 
 
C 
 
A 
 
D 
 
B 
 
D 
 
B 
 
A 
 
C 
 
A 
 
B
What is the general formula for a carbohydrate? - Cx(H2O)y 
 
How do you determine the number of stereoisomers for a given carbohydrate? - 2^n where n= number of stereocenters 
 
Distinguish between the D and L designations for carbohydrates. - In the L form the hydroxy group is on the bottom left closest to the CH2OH group in the frame of a Fischer projection 
In the D form the OH is on the bottom right 
 
What are anomers? - Diastereomers formed by the cyclization of carbohydrates (*note they ...
Alcohol - 
 
Ketone - 
 
Amine - 
 
Ether - 
 
Amide - 
 
Ester - 
 
functional groups - 
 
Alkyl - An alkane missing a hydrogen 
 
Aromatic compound - Cyclic, planar, with every atom of the aromatic ring having a p orbital, while obeying hackles rule of 4n+2 pi electrons 
 
Vinyl - 
 
Hydrolysis Reaction - 
 
Carboxylic Acid - pKa ~ 5 
 
Enantiomers - stereoisomers that are non super imposable mirror images 
 
Diastereomers - - Same molecular formula, same bond connections, NOT mirrors...
Functional group: alkane 
 
Functional group: alkene 
 
Functional group: alkyne 
 
Functional group: benzene ring (phenyl) 
 
Functional group: amine 
 
Functional group: alcohol 
 
Functional group: ether 
 
Functional group: alkyl halide 
 
Functional group: thiol 
 
Functional group: aldehyde 
 
Functional group: ketone 
 
Functional group: ester
-al 
-ol or hydroxy- 
-one 
-oic acid 
-oate 
-ether or alkoxy- 
Iodo- or Bromo- etc. 
-amide 
Amino- or -amine - Aldehyde 
Alcohol 
Ketone 
Carboxylic acid 
Ester 
Ether 
Alkyl halides 
Amide 
Amine 
 
Constitutional Isomer - A compound with the same atoms but different atoms bonded to each other 
 
Stereoisomers - Molecules with the same atoms differing only in 3D configuration 
 
Enantiomers - Stereoisomers with exactly opposite stereochemical designations at all stereogenic carbons 
 
Dia...