Evolutionary Analysis Samenvattingen, Notities en Examens

Describe in your own words the difference between an experimental study, an observational study, and a comparative study. What sorts of questions are they each suited for (i.e., why don't researchers always use the experimental method)? Give an example of each type of study from this chapter. Answer An experimental study is one in which the researchers directly manipulate a variable of interest, typically changing it in one group of individuals and leaving it unchanged in a control group. The e...

Sections 2.1 - 2.5 summarize evidence for Evolution. Some evidence had been available to Darwin and his contemporaries, but the majority of the evidence came later, in the 20th century. For example, Darwin was aware of the following: Answer Vestigial structures Geological evidence for mass extinctions Succession in the fossil record Structural and developmental homologies The evidence from biogeography, based on occurrence of closely related species in groups of islands (such as the Galapago...

Adaptation Answer a trait or integrated suite of traits that increases the fitness of its possessor • Differences among populations or species are not always adaptive • Not every trait of an organism use of every trait by an organism is an adaptation • Not every adaptation is perfect Example of testing various hypotheses of adaptions Answer -looked at tick load, mean number of wounds, and changes in earwax on cattle with and without birds, adaptationist programme Answer An...

First in number of people infected with HIV Answer Sub Saharan Africa Second in number of people infected with HIV Answer India and Southeast Asia Third in number of people infected with HIV Answer North America Fourth in number of people infected with HIV Answer China fifth in number of people infected with HIV Answer Europe Homosexual sex is the major mode of transmission of HIV in how many of these regions of the world: China, Europe, North America, India and Southeast Asi...

Lamarck Answer in 1809 that all species are derived from gradual evolution. He guessed it was driven by the inheritance of acquired traits. Said simple life forms are spontaneously generated from nonliving matter. His ideas were popular until the 1930s Vestigial structure Answer remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species Law of succession Answer the general pattern of correspondence between fossil...

genetic variation Answer differences in alleles or genotype as shown by various phenotypes How was genetic variation studied early on? Answer they studied proteins, because different proteins are produced by genetic variations. (doesn't show variation in substitutions though) allele example Answer B, b genotype example Answer BB, Bb, bb environmental variation Answer if a phenotype changes because of the environment it is in, there is environmental variation -for example, someone w...

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle states Answer allele frequencies in a population will not change from generation to generation; if allele frequencies are p and q, genotype frequencies will be p^2, 2pq, q^2 mechanisms of evolution Answer drift, selection, migration, mutation population genetics Answer integrates natural selection with Mendelian genetics evolution is ______ in a population Answer change in allele frequency species are not immutable Answer microevolution lineage...

Homologous genes Answer Genes that share a recent common ancestor based upon phylogenetic analysis Orthologous genes Answer homologous genes that are found in different species that are due to speciation events Paralogous Genes Answer homologous genes that are due to a duplication event in a particular species Brachydactyly Answer Shortness of the digits caused by autosomal dominant allele (BB, Bb) - Short Digits Godfrey Hardy Answer Discovers why Brachydactyly is not more prevalent...