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positive economics vs normative economics - Answer pos = what is norm = what ought to be framing - Answer how diff alternatives are described/framed sunk costs - Answer costs you’ve already incurred, cannot be reversed, ignore these sunk costs individual demand curve - Answer downward sloping law of demand - Answer the Q demanded is higher when prices r lower rational rule for buyers - Answer buy more of an item if its MB is greater than/= to...

market power and what it arises from - Answer extent to which a seller can charge a higher price without losing many sales to competing businesses. comes from the # of competing firms and the level of product differentiation perfect competition - Answer markets in which a) all businesses in the industry sell an identical good and b) there are many buyers and sellers who are all small relative to the market under perfect competition, all sellers have ___ market power, so they ar...

profit maximization assumption - Answer firms attempt to maximize benefits marginal revenue (MR) - Answer change in total revenue generated by selling an additional unit of output MR = change in TR / change in quantity benefits firm profit maximizing condition - Answer -keep producing as long as MR > MC -profits are maximized where MR = MC if total revenue > total cost - Answer the firm is profitable if total revenue = total cost - Answer the...

Total Costs - Answer TC = TVC + TFC Average Variable Costs - Answer AVC = TVC / Q Average Total Costs - Answer ATC = AVC + AFC = TC / Q Marginal Product - Answer MP = Change in Q / Change in Input Average Product - Answer AP = Q/Input Explicit Costs - Answer actual dollar payments to non-owners of the firm Implicit Costs - Answer the opportunity costs to the firm (the opportunity cost of using resources that are owned by the firm--there...

Demand schedule - Answer a table showing how much of a good/service consumers will want to buy at different prices Quantity demanded - Answer the amount of a good or service that a consumer is willing and able to purchase at a given price Demand curve - Answer A graph representing demand schedule; shows relationship between quantity and price Law of Demand - Answer The higher the price for a good or service, cetris paribus, the smaller the demand for said good or...

Define Economics: - Answer Economics is the study of the Allocation of Scarce Resources over Competing and Alternative Uses. Scarcity - Answer Not enough to go around; more wants than availability. Implies some sort of rationing must occur. Allocation - Answer What we choose to use resources for; Who gets what; how distributed. Resources - Answer Land, labor, capital, time Competing and Alternative Uses - Answer There are always choices to make, if no ch...

Ceteris Paribus Assumption - Answer "all else equal," or ignore the things that change, take away irrelevant factors in the model Circular Model Flow - Answer Participants: 2 Agents (households and firms) 2 markets: goods and services (wage, rent, profit) What do models omit? What do we learn? - Answer banks, government, transactions between government firms pay costs in order to get revenue (profit) Models - Answer simplification to understand complex ...

Innate immunity - Answer The following type of immunity is characterized as the body's first line of defense and responds rapid and generalized and similar with each exposure: Adaptive immunity - Answer The following type of immunity is characterized as a delayed response upon first exposure with the consequent exposure being immediate. Displays immunologic memory. Cytokines - Answer How does innate and adaptive immunity primarily communicate? B-lymphocytes also kno...

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what are the characteristics of a benign tumor? - Answer Slow growing, well differentiated, only cause symptoms because tumor growth compresses another structure, surrounded by a capsule what are the characteristics of a malignant tumor? - Answer fasting growing, undifferentiated, disorganized growth, causes metastasis and spreads to near lymph nodes, liberates enzymes and toxins that destroys normal tissues what is a adenoma? - Answer benign tumor that orignates in gland...

Innate immunity - Answer Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens. Normal flora - Answer microorganisms that are normally present in a specific site Atrophy - Answer a decrease in size of an organ caused by disease or disuse Hypertrophy - Answer increase in cell size Hyperplasia - Answer increase in number of cells. Some examples would be enlarged prostate or the uterus before childbirth. ...

What is the reversible inflammatory response process of the pancreatic pacini - Answer acute pancreatitis What results from premature activation of pancreatic enzymes? - Answer acute pancreatitis what are the accessory organs of the GI tract - Answer liver, pancreas(exocrine), and gallbladder what hepatic vessel supplies the digestive tract and major abdominal organs? - Answer hepatic portal vein what hepatic vessel empties into the inferior VC - Answer ...

What causes cellular adaption to occur? - Answer changes in the internal environment when confronted with stresses that endanger normal structure and function What does cellular adaption allow for? - Answer allows the stressed tissue to survive or maintain function How do cells adapt to meet work demands? - Answer size (atrophy/hypertrophy) number (hyperplasia) form (metaplasia) Is atrophy a decrease or increase in cell size? - Answer decrease Is hypertrophy...

What are some ways cells can adapt? - Answer -Size (Atrophy and Hypertrophy) -Form (Metaplasia) -Number (Hyperplasia) What are some ways Atrophy can occur? - Answer 1) Disuse 2)Denervation 3)Inadequate Nutrition 4)Ischemia or lack of blood flow What are two ways hypertrophy can occur? - Answer 1) Increased Workload 2) Disease ( Compensatory or Pathologic ) What is an example of Pathological Hypertrophy? - Answer Increased size of heart due to overworking or...

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drug - Answer any chemical that can affect a living process pharmacology - Answer study of drugs and their interactions with living systems clinical pharmacology - Answer study of drugs in humans pharmacotherapeutics - Answer the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat dz or to prevent pregnancy the IDEAL drug is.... - Answer EFFECTIVE (most important!), safe, slective, predictable, reversible, no interactions, stable, etc. pharmacokinetics - Answ...

drug - Answer a chemical that affects a living process pharmacology - Answer study of drugs and their interactions clinical pharmacology - Answer study of drugs in humans pharmacotherapeutics - Answer use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or tx a disease or to prevent pregnancy ideal drug - Answer !!! effective !!! safe !!! selective (only affects what its supposed to) -reversible (has an anecdoteFcyp) -predictable -easy to administer (by PO) -stable...

Neutropenia - Answer low level of neutrophils Thrombocytopenia - Answer low level of platelets Leukopenia - Answer low WBCs which can encompass basophils, monocytes Anemia - Answer low RBC or hemoglobin/hematocrit Pancytopenia - Answer low RBC, WBC and platelet Purpose of Lasix - Answer loop diuretic- makes you get rid of fluid so it is used in CHF NANDA for Lasix to CHF - Answer Fluid volume deficit and electrolyte imbalance NANDA f...

What are the types of drug categories? - Answer 1. Prescription (well controlled, high risk); 2. OTC (self-prescribed); herbals (can be dangerous-drug interaction) What are the types of drug names? - Answer Chemical (chemists and manufacturers); generic (short and simple); brand name (assigned by drug manufacturer) What is the initial therapy with most illnesses? - Answer 60-95% consists of self-care, self-medication with OTC drug Difference between USP and FDA. - Answ...

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