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Problems in normal protein folding mechanisms lead to? - Answer fibril formation Examples of 3 general problems in protein folding? - Answer 1) mutation 2) old age 3) prion infection examples of 4 more specific problems leading to fibril formation - Answer 1) Genetic amyloid- related diseases: single change in nucleotide lead to changed AA and unstable intermediates 2) Protein fragments do not fold into proper globular form 3) Breakdown of chaperone system 4) Infecti...

Characteristics of Peroxisomes - Answer - Bound by single lipid membrane - oxidative and synthetic reactions - does not have a genome - Reproduces by fission Peroxisome Structure and Function - Answer Dense regions inside there are protein aggregates made of CATALASE. - in animal cells they make cholesterol - in nerve cells they make plasmalogen for cell membranes - in liver cells they are responsible for oxidation of toxins - in plant cells they convert FA into carbs In...

how would a scientist purify proteins? - Answer 1. develop good assay 2. select protein source 3. break open cells to extract protein 4. solubilize protein 5. stabilize protein 6. fractionate 7. determine purify of protein isolate Protein Assay - Answer To detect presence of a spec protein and estimating the conc of the protein Measure enzymatic activity of protein by looking at release of product or the use of a substrate what type of protein source should you have ...

What is a protein? - Answer A string of amino acids (a polypeptide chain or polymer of other small molecules) What are some of the functions of proteins? - Answer - Structural components of the cell - They are the signals produced by cells - They are the receptors that receive signals - Sensors for environmental change - Enzymes, catalysts for chemical reactions - gene regulation True or False: There is a virtually unlimited amount of protein structures that proteins can f...

As cells enter the prophase - Answer many changes occur, which are initiated by phosphorylation of proteins, mediated by the active MPF complex, allowing the MPF to coordinate all the events to happen at the same time At the end of mitosis - Answer processes must be reversed, requiring the inactivation of the MPF through ubiquitin-regulated degradation of cyclin B, allowing phosphotases to reverse the phosphorylation of the same proteins to initiate chains of events that ensure th...

Cell cycle - Answer ordered series of events that produce two daughter cells from a cell, and it can be divided into G1, S, G2 and mitosis G1 - Answer gap phase and is when the cell is actively growing, engaged in syntheses of new proteins and expression of genes S phase - Answer When the cell is ready to divide, it replicates the genome in the DNA synthesis phase (S), so a single chromosome contains two identical sister chromatids Failure in regulation - Answer ...

cytoskeleton - Answer network of protein-based filaments that provides structure and shape to the cell, and is dynamic to allow growth, movement, and differentiation neurons - Answer microtubules provide axon shape, while actin provides shape and function to the growth cone Actin filaments labeling - Answer fluorescently-tagged phalloidin molecule (toxin derived from death cap mushroom that binds to actin monomers and stabilizes the filament), antibodies to actin or prote...

When proteins cannot fold - Answer aggregates can form which can be detrimental to the cell Molecular Chaperones - Answer monomeric, bind to hydrophobic residues to prevent the protein from forming incorrect folding due to hydrophobic interactions in an aqueous environment Examples of molecular chaperones - Answer Hsp70 in the cytosol and mitochondria of eukaryotes, the BiP in the ER, and DnaK in bacterial cells Types of Chaperones - Answer monomeric molecular ch...

Proteins importance - Answer structural components of the cell, sensors for environmental changes and mechanisms for relaying information to the cell, enzymes and catalysts for chemical reactions, gene regulations, signaling molecules between cells, molecules motors, and for organelle identity and function. proteins are made of - Answer combinations of 20 amino acids structure of amino acids - Answer central alpha carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group R chain - ...

Endocrine signaling - Answer one type of secretory signaling, signals enter the circulatory system and circulate systemically. This signal is usually a hormone, and the target tissue may be far from the place where the signal originated Paracrine signaling - Answer one type of secretory signaling, signals are released into the extracellular space and interact with neighboring cells. Signals may be growth factors or neurotransmitters, for example. This type of signalling only targe...

is the RER dynamic or stationary? - Answer dynamic what is the function of the RER? - Answer co-translational transport, protein modification, formation of vesicles that will transport proteins from ER to Golgi what is the function of the SER? - Answer fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, regulate Ca2+ conc in the cytosol what are the post translational modifications in the ER? - Answer - glycosylation - protein folding - disulphide b...

When will Dictyostelium differentiate into a slug? - Answer starved amoeba will secrete cAMP, other amoebas have cAMP GPCRs which activate actin reorganization into Fimbriae to move toward the signal location When will slug differentiate into amoebas ? - Answer When nutrients are available. Post cells= body, ant cells= stalk JAK-STAT pathway accomplishes what? - Answer Inhibit apoptosis, promote differentiation JAK STAT signal is? - Answer Epo from kidneys JAK...

1 Exam (elaborations) Kinesiology 2Y03 - Test 1 2 Exam (elaborations) Kinesiology 2Y03 - Lecture 3 and 4 Embryology Questions with Complete Solutions. 3 Exam (elaborations) KINESIOL 2Y03 - quiz 5: modules 14-16 Questions And Answers.

When is the formation of the neural tube? - Answer Day 18-26 What does the neural tube become? - Answer brain and spinal cord (CNS) What are neural crest cells? - Answer -Cells that form from the neural plate that don't go into the neural tube or the overlying ectoderm -form sensory nerves and post ganglionic cells of PNS -connective tissue of head What are somites? - Answer -segmented blocks of tissue that later differentiate into vertebrae, ribs, and skel...

embryonic period - Answer extends from fertilization through the eighth week of development; development of organ systems Fetal Period - Answer last 30 weeks; organ systems grow and mature. Fertilization - Answer occurs within uterine tube 12-24 hours after ovulation Cleavage - Answer first completed about 30 hours after fertilization Morula - Answer 3-4 days after fertilization (still in uterine cavity) Blastocyst - Answer 4.5 - 5 days ...

Cranial Nerve I - Answer Olfactory Cranial Nerve II - Answer Optic Cranial Nerve III - Answer Oculomotor Cranial Nerve IV - Answer Trochlear Cranial Nerve V - Answer Trigeminal Cranial Nerve VI - Answer Abducens Cranial Nerve VII - Answer Facial Cranial Nerve VIII - Answer Vestibulocochlear Cranial Nerve IX - Answer Glossopharyngeal Cranial Nerve X - Answer Vagus Cranial Nerve XI - Answer Accessory ...

Structure, location and function of simple non-ciliated columnar epithelium - Answer -Single layer of column-shaped cells, do not contain cilia or microvilli -intestines -absorption -Secretion Classification of tissues - Answer -Structure of cells -Cell function -Extracellular matrix Types of tissues - Answer -Epithelial -Connective -Muscle -Nervous Epithelial vs connective tissue - Answer *Epithelial* -many tightly packed cells -little to no extracellu...

What nerves are involved with eyes and movement? - Answer optic oculomotor trochlear abducens What muscles does CN VI innervate? - Answer abducens nerve - lateral rectus What are the types of functions of CN III? What muscles does this nerve innervate? - Answer oculomotor nerve SOMATIC MOTOR: eyeball movement - superior/inferior/medial rectus - inferior oblique - levator palpebrae superioris (upper eyelid) PARASYMPATHTIC MOTOR: pupil constriction - constric...

Accessory structure: eyebrows - function (2) - Answer 1) Shade eyes from sun2) Protect against perspiration Accessory structure: eyelids 1) what are they also known as 2) what do they help with (3) - Answer 1) palpebrae (plural)2) i. shade eyes durin sleepii. Protect from excessive lightiii. Lubricate tear ducts what is the palpebrae fissure? - Answer OPENING for the eye what are the different commissures in the eye + WHERE are they? (2)HINT: commissures are where the ...

The sex organs form from what structure? - Answer Gonadal ridges The mesonephric duct becomes what structures in males? - Answer Epididymis Ductus deferens Seminal vesicle The paramesonephric duct becomes what structure in males? - Answer It becomes degraded upon reception of the mullerian-inhibiting hormone The primordial germ cells migrate in which direction and form what structure? - Answer Migrate from yolk sac to gonadal ridges Form gametes The parames...