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The pituitary glad has what two lobes? What is the tissue in the middle? - Answer -anterior -posterior -intermediate pituitary tissue What is considered the "president" of the endocrine? What is considered the "vice president" - Answer -hypothalamus -pituitary gland The posterior lobe of the pituitary lobe has how many nuclei? What are they called? - Answer -two -supraoptic -paraventricular What glands does the pituitary gland send signals to? - Answer -adr...

hematocrit - Answer percentage of blood volume that consists of red blood cells - males: 42-45% - females: 37-47% functions of blood - Answer 1. transportation - carries respiratory gases, metabolites - nutrients 2. regulation (hormonal, temperature) 3. protection - clotting, circulatory system protects against blood loss from injury and foreign microbes or toxins introduced into the body - immune, immune function oft he blood is performed by leukocytes that protect against many...

Cell - Answer -The basic structural and functional units of life -All living things are cellular in nature (Amoebas with one cell and humans being multicellular) -There are 50 to 100 trillion cells in the human body Cells have 3 main regions - Answer -Membrane -Cytoplasm -Nucleus Plasmalemma - Answer -AKA Plasma Membrane -The outer thin and flexible membrane of the cell which separates the intracellular from extracellular compartment -Protects from exterior trauma -Contain...

The fundus of the stomach has _______ cells that secrete _______ __________ and ____. - Answer -parietal cells -intrinsic factor (aka gastric IF) -HCL What does intrinsic factor of the parietal cells do? - Answer takes B12 to the ileum for absorption What does HCL- of the parietal cells do? - Answer conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin Chief cells are in the ____ of the stomach and secrete _____________. - Answer -body -pepsinogen What does pepsinogen do? - Answer int...

Sympathetic- Origin of pre-ganglionic nerve? - Answer Nuclei of spinal cord segments T1-T12; L1-L3 (thoracolumbar) Parasympathetic- Origin of pre-ganglionic nerve? - Answer Nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X; spinal cord segments S2-S4 (craniosacral) Sympathetic- Length of pre-ganglionic nerve axon? - Answer Short Parasympathetic- Length of pre-ganglionic nerve axon? - Answer Long Sympathetic & Parasympathetic- Neurotransmitter type in ganglion? - Answer ACh ...

Renal Physiology The ________ is composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra. - Answer urinary system Renal Physiology The _________ is constantly working to maintain the purity and health of the body's fluids by removing unwanted substances and recycling others. - Answer urinary system Renal Physiology The _____ contribute to homeostasis by regulating plasma composition through the elimination of metabolic wastes, toxins, excess ions, and water. - ...

Autonomic Nervous System - Answer controls internal organs in thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavities, BVs, respiratory system, heart, kidneys, ovaries, testicles etc. - basically everything + sweat glands, BPs controls automatic body functions (heartbeat and digestion) include SYMPATHETIC NERVES and PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES Sympathetic nervous system - Answer active, swim, dance, etc fight or flight!! when you run your sweat glands are active, HR increases, lungs more active, mo...

What is the urinary system composed of - Answer Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra Where are the kidneys located - Answer In the retroperitoneal space, posterior What do the kidneys regulate - Answer Fluid volume, electrolytes, acid-base balance -Glycogenesis, Vitamin D3 converting to active form and synthesis and conversion of erythropoietin and renin Main functional unit of the kidney for urine? - Answer the nephron (takes blood and filters it out and rea...

physiology - Answer the study of biological processes of the human body under the basal conditions anatomy - Answer the study of the structure and description of the human body. homeostasis - Answer the dynamic constancy of the internal physiological environment All human body organs and systems interact with each other in an orderly and synergistic manner -maintained by positive and negative feedbacks. 4 main tissue types: - Answer • Muscle: for movements like contra...

Familial Hypercholeterolemia - Answer inherited disease in which the cells lack the receptors that bind to cholesterol binding LDLs What is the cause of Tay-Sachs disease? - Answer fatal genetic lipid storage disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance called ganglioside GM2 build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain Gauchers disease - Answer lack of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme causes harmful substances to build up in the liver, spleen, bones, and bone marr...

what is the blood volume in males? - Answer 5-6 Liters what is the blood volume in females? - Answer 4-5 Liters What is the percentage of hematocrit in males? - Answer 42%-52% What is the percentage of hematocrit in females? - Answer 37-47% what are the subunits for globulin plasma protein? - Answer alpha, beta, and gamma what is the function of alpha 1 and alpha 2 subunits of globulin? - Answer to inhibit the function of blood protease enzyme, an enzyme for prot...

Hormones - Answer Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another endocrine hormones - Answer ductless glands that release hormones into the blood stream cell surface receptors - Answer receptors located on the cell membrane, for protein hormones Intracellular (nuclear) receptors - Answer receptors located on cell's DNA in the nucleus, For steroid and thyroid hormones exocrine - Answer releas...

What is the thickest portion of the heart wall? - Answer Cardiac Muscle Tissue What do striated cells branch into? - Answer Quadrangular shapes intercalated discs - Answer Presence of thickening between adjacent cells Why do intercalated discs contain gap junctions? - Answer To enable action potentials to spread quickly from cell to cell Where is the heart located? - Answer In the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity (between the lungs) Where is the apex of the heart ...

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Clinical Resistance - Answer Multiple factors such as type of bacteria, infection site, antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and the immune response affecting clinical outcomes of antibiotic treatment Antibiotic resistance is a term that is relative to antibiotic __________ that can kill bacteria in a ______________ - Answer Concentration, petri dish Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) - Answer A minimum concentration of an antibiotic required to completely inhibit bacterial growth ...

protein synthesis inhibitors - Answer 1. Aminoglycosides 2. Macrolides 3. Tetracyclines 4. Chloramphenicol 5. Oxazolidinones 6. Lincosamides 7. Streptogramins 8. Mupirocin LINk SM COx AT 30 MinUtes prokaryotic vs eukaryotic ribosomes - Answer Eukaryotes - 80S; 60S & 40S subunits Prokaryotes - protein synthesis is facilitated by *70S* ribosomes; 2 subunits - 50S & 30S bacterial protein synthesis steps - Answer 1. initiation: *30S and 50S* subunits need to come toge...

innate immunity - Answer - immediate response that allows the body to respond as quickly as the invader is detected - includes epithelial barriers - composed of cells that can rapidly respond to the invading pathogen by mounting antimicrobial responses • phagocytes • dendritic cells • compliment • NK cells - last 12 hrs adaptive immunity - Answer long-term protection against reinfections - takes much longer than the innate response - B lymphocytes -> Pl...

cycloserine - Answer 5-membered ring, amide containing Oxazolidinones structure - Answer has a F Both metronidazole and isoniazid... A) are prodrugs B) are commonly used antituberculosis drugs C) inhibit 50S ribosomal subunit D) irreversibly and covalently bind to DNA E) none of the above - Answer A Carbapenems - Answer 5 membered ring attached to beta lactam Methicillin structure - Answer -OCH3 (x2) Monobactams - Answer single 4-membered ring Tetracy...

Antibiotic surveillance & assessment - Answer "To better understand and respond to antimicrobial resistance patterns and key drivers, information about antimicrobial resistance incidence, prevalence, and trends..." WHO surviellance - Answer Bird's eye view of AMR assessment - Answer Diagnostic tools of AMR - To determine the scope of the problem - Formulate effective response to AMR - Monitor effectiveness of the response to AMR - Answer Purpose of surveillance on...

According to WHO, what is the purpose of surveillance? - Answer "To better understand and respond to antimicrobial resistance patterns and key drivers, information about antimicrobial resistance incidence, prevalence, and trends" What is the purpose of surveillance on AMR? - Answer -To determine the scope of the problem -Formulate effective response to AMR -Monitor effectiveness of the response to AMR What are the general conclusions on the surveillance on AMR? - Answer -t...