Excell Libros

When PDL1 binds to PD1 inhibits the cytotoxic activity of the T cell - cancer cells have evolved to be able to turn off the body's defense pembrolizumab is going to bin to PD1 so that PDL1 cannot and the T cell is not inhibited nitrosoureA - - alkylating agent very lipid soluble - can cross BBB effective for brain tumors Microtubule DE polymerization inhibitor - - once the microtubules are constructed they also have to be torn down. if they remain intact then the cells get stuck to...

What do excitatory NT bind to? - - ligand gated sodium channels and open them up If it reaches -55 then it will fire What do inhibitory NT bind to? - - potassium gated ion channel Potassium then leaves the cell taking its positive current with it and takes the voltage inside the cell further from threshold so that it will need a larger than normal stimulus because it is further away from threshold could also bind to chloride channels - chloride will move in which is negative Glutamate ...

Beta 1 receptors - - Heart: increase cardiac rate (chronotropic) and increase force of contraction (inotropic) Juxtaglomerular cells: increase renin release Isoproterenol - - Beta 1 prototypic agonist; nonselective, used for bronchodilation (beta 2) and cardiac stimulant (beta 1) Metoprolol - - Beta 1 prototypic antagonist Heart: reduces rate and force of contraction, inhibits impulse conduction Kidney: suppresses renin secretion

Work of breathing - resistance - - pressure that is required to overcome the resistance to gas flow through the airway during prespiration Clinical conditions that increase airway resistance - - COPD Mechanical obstruction Infection Asthma, bronchospasm Work of breathing - compliance - - the ability of the lungs to expand is measured as the lung compliance. The volume change per unit of pressure When more muscular effort for work of breathing is required? - - lung compliance is d...

What type of shock can occur with cardiac tamponade? - - cardiogenic shock What type of shock can occur with Severe proinflammatory response to fungal infection? - - septic shock Which happens first in any type of shock? (Less ATP is available for cell function, Cell shifts to anaerobic metabolism) - - cells shift to anaerobic metabolism IV fluid or blood products are administered to expand intravascular volume and thereby improve tissue perfusion by increasing BP, hgb level, and car...

what differentiates benign tumors from malignant tumors - - -grow slowly -have well-defined capsule -are not invasive -are well differentiated; look like the tissue from which they arose -have a low miotic index; dividing cells are rare -do not metastasize What differentiates malignant tumors from benign tumors - - -grow rapidly -are not encapsulated -invade local structures and tissues -are poorly differentiated; may not be able to determine tissue of origin -high miotic index; ma...

The autopsy of a 55 year old revealed an enlarged liver, testicular atrophy, and mild jaundice secondary to cirrhosis. What is the most likely cause of this condition? a. Bacterial infection b. Viral infection c. Alcoholic steatohepatitis d. Drug overdose - - c. alcoholic steatohepatitis In alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatocellular damage is caused by: a. acetaldehyde accumulation. b. bile toxicity. c. acidosis. d. fatty infiltrations - - a. acetaldehyde accumulation 54 year old report...

Which statement is true regarding hiatal hernia? A) A mixed hernia is the most common type. B) The least common type is a paraesophageal hernia. C) Paraesophageal hernia is herniation of the greater curvature of the stomach. D) A sliding hernia is triggered by standing and frequent meals. - - Paraesophageal hernia is herniation of the greater curvature of the stomach. H. pylori is discovered in the GI tract of a client experiencing an inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Which findings su...

What is the most common cause of death related to sickle cell disease - - infection Results when individual inherits two copies of Hb S in sickle cell disease - - sickle cell anemia Blood disorder that reduces the production of hemoglobin - - beta thalassemia Alpha and beta thalassemia is what kind of disorder - - autosomal recessive Beta thalaseemia major is also known as _________ - - cooley's anemia The heterozygous form of beta thalassemia - - beta thalassemia minor -...

A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia). The most likely cause is a decrease in: a. ferritin. b. gastric enzymes. c. intrinsic factor. d. erythropoietin - - c. intrinsic factor A 58-year-old female presents in the clinic with fatigue, weight loss, and tingling in her fingers. Laboratory findings show low hemoglobin and hematocrit, a high mean corpuscular volume, and normal plasma iron. These assessment findings are consistent with which ty...

A 51-year-old male is at the health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed substernal pain. He also reported discomfort in his left shoulder and his jaw, lasting 2-3 minutes and then subsiding with rest. He indicates that this has occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. The nurse suspects he is most likely experiencing: a. stable angina. b. unstable angina. c. Prinzmetal angina. d. myocardial infarction (MI). - ...

A nurse is assessing a newborn infant following circumcision and notes that the circumcised area is red with a small amount of bloody drainage. Which of the following nursing actions would be most appropriate? A newborn has small, whitish, pinpoint spots over the nose, which the nurse knows are caused by retained sebaceous secretions. When charting this observation, the nurse identifies it as: A nursing instructor asks a nursing student to describe the procedure for administering eryth...

Pharm Modules Exams Package Deal

Which patient diagnosed with a urinary tract infection will be hospitalization and prescribed intravenous antibiotics? A. A 5-year-old child with a fever of 100.5°F, dysuria, and bacteriuria B. A pregnant woman with bacteriuria, suprapubic pain, and fever C. A young man with dysuria, flank pain, and a previous urinary tract infection D. An older adult man with a low-grade fever, flank pain, and an indwelling catheter - ANSWER - The patient with an indwelling catheter and signs of pyelone...

A patient with opioid use disorder seeks treatment. When discussing the rationale for using methadone to ease opioid withdrawal, the provider explains that methadone has which pharmacologic property or characteristic? A college student is brought to the emergency department after collapsing at a nightclub. The patient has a temperature of 105°F, a clenched jaw, and confusion. Which medication will the provider prescribe? A patient who arrives in the emergency department is difficult to ar...

A patient receiving heparin postoperatively to prevent deep vein thrombosis has a blood pressure of 90/50 mm Hg and a heart rate of 110 beats/minute. The patient's most recent aPTT is greater than 90 seconds. The patient reports lumbar pain. The provider will order what interventions initially? (Select all that apply.) A patient is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency, hypoxia and anemia. In addition to oxygen therapy, what will the provider order to address th...

When considering the benefit of pharmacogenomics, what information should the prescriber include when prescribing a new medication? A provider speaking to a class or a group of pregnant patients correctly teaches that the highest risk of teratogen-induced gross malformations exists during which time period? An infant developed a pruritic rash following exposure to an allergen. The infant's parents ask the provider about using a topical antihistamine. What information should the provider u...

UHC - 2021 Events Basics Test Latest Complete Latest Updated Solution What type of event is an agent conducting when he presents plan information that includes benefits and cost sharing in an audience-presenter format? a. Formal marketing/sales event b. Informal marketing/sales event c. Informal educational event d. Formal educational event - ANS - a. Formal marketing/sales event Louise wants to hold an event that helps consumers understand Medicare programs and perhaps improve t...

A nurse is caring for a client who is 2 days postoperative following a below-the-knee amputation and asks about the purpose of maintaining an elastic bandage around the residual limb of the extremity. Which of the following is an appropriate response by the nurse? a. "the elastic bandage will prevent a post-op wound infection" b. "the elastic bandage will prevent excessive edema" c. "the elastic bandage will keep the sutures from loosening" d. "the elastic bandage will keep you from s...

A nurse is interviewing an older adult client about possible abuse by her caregiver. What technique should the nurse use? Avoid directly asking the client if she has been abused. Use an aggressive approach. Maintain a nonjudgmental tone. Avoid being in the room alone with the client. - ANSWER - maintain a nonjudgmental tone which promotes trust and communication. A nurse in an acute substance disorder unit is assessing a client who received treatment in the emergency department for a h...