COCO SOLUTIONS ACADEMIC STORE

What type of disease is rheumatoid arthritis? - Answer Autoimmune disease What does rheumatoid arthritis cause? - Answer Causes the immune system to attack the synovium that lines the joints What causes rheumatoid arthritis? - Answer The cause is unknown What gender is more likely to suffer from rheumatoid arthritis? - Answer Women are 2-3x more likely to have RA. How many people in the US are affected by rheumatoid arthritis? - Answer ~1,500,000 people What joints ...

Precipitation has a __________ antigen and a __________ antibody. - Answer soluble, soluble What is an epitope? - Answer The part of an antigen that is targeted by an antibody How many epitopes does an antigen have? - Answer Many What is specificity? - Answer The ability of an antibody to attach to a single, corresponding epitope Is precipitation quantitative or qualitative? - Answer Both What does precipitation do? - Answer - Determines the concentration of unkn...

How are TCRs created and where does this take place? - Answer Somatic Recombination and Thymus How are BCRs created and where does this take place? - Answer Somatic Recombination and Bone Marrow When are BCRs considered mature? - Answer Considered mature after using RNA splicing to place IgM and IgD on cell surface. Do BCRs and TCRs demonstrate variable and diverse antigen specificity? - Answer Yes What is the single function that TCRs are known to perform? - Answer Re...

When the Mannose receptor are engaged what mechanism is initiated in a phagocyte - Answer Activate the Lectin complement cascade Enhance complement fixation to pathogen surfaces When the CR3 CR4 receptor are engaged what mechanism is initiated in a phagocyte - Answer CR3 and CR4 recognize iC3b and other ligands such as: - LPS, lipopolysaccharide (Gram negative bacteria) - Lipophosphoglycan - Filamentous hemagglutinin - Cell-surface structures on yeast When the Scavenger rec...

Universal Precautions: 1. First introduced by? 2. What is it? 3. Enforced by? - Answer Universal Precautions: 1. Centers for Disease Prevention (CDC) 1987 in response to HIV/HepB 2. Treat all body substances as potentially harmful and apply measures to decrease exposure 3. OSHA OSHA: 1. What is it? 2. Federal guidelines published where? - Answer OSHA: 1. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the agency responsible for ensuring safe and healthfu...

KNOW THE DIFFERENT CELLS THAT CAN BECOME PLASMA CELLS. - Answer -activated B cells -isotype switched, somatically hyper mutated centrocytes -memory B cells What are the components of the B cell co-receptor ( CR2 is one of them) - Answer -CR2: complement receptor-2: binds to complement deposited on the pathogen -CD19: receptor signaling -CD81/TAPA-1: binds to CD19 and is essential and bringing it to the B cell surface What does CR1 do for the co-receptor - Answer CR1 binding t...

2 Distinct T-Cell Lineages - Answer a:b & g:d (α:β & γ:δ) Positive Selection - Answer leads to the death of immature T-cells having receptors that do not interact with any self-MHC I or II (takes place prior to negative selection) Negative Selection - Answer induces death of those immature T-cells that are autoreactive (also happens with B-cells) Majority Lineage Type of T-Cell - Answer a:b (α:β 95%) Minority Lineage Type of T-Cell - Answer g:d (γ:δ 5%) What...

1. BCR (B cell receptor) and TCR (T cell receptor), how are they created and wherein the body are they created? - Answer BCR : created through somatic recombination creating variability in the variable region domain of heavy and light chains, created in the bone marrow. Additions before antigen encounter, BCRs use RNA splicing for IgM and IgD and after antigen encounter, RNA splicing is used again to secrete Ig, somatic hypermutation occurs to make antibodies have higher affinity causin...

Does BALT contain, MALT and GALT? Or GALT contains BALT and MALT? or MALT contains Galt and BALT? - Answer MALT contains BALT and GALT ( review audio lecture) did you review slide 9? (4 things he told you to know) What do you know about peyer's patches? Chapter 1 powerpoint - Answer Lining of the gut In which one does peyer patches belong under? (MALT,BALT,GALT) ? - Answer The gut associated lymphoid tissues, GALT include tonsils, adenoids, appendix and Peyer's patches that ...

What are the primary adaptive immune cells? - Answer B and T cells What cells are lymphocytes? - Answer NK, B, and T cells What does the red pulp of the spleen do? - Answer erythrocyte (RBC) filtration What does the white pulp of the spleen do? - Answer leukocyte (WBC) filtration inactivation by Factor H and I results in an opsonin -NOT a convertase this is what C - Answer ic3b DAF stands for - Answer decay accelerating factor MCP stands for - Answer ...

mast cells - Answer involved in allergic responses in tissue eosinophils - Answer Stain red fight parasitic worm infections basophils - Answer stain with basic dyes (blue); controlling immune responses to parasites involved in allergic responses in blood megakaryocyte - Answer a bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood platelets when its cytoplasm becomes fragmented erythrocytes - Answer Oxygen carrying cell (RBC) antibodies (Abs) - Answer im...

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What is the most common cause cause of bacterial meningitis in children and young adults in the US - Answer Neisseria Meningitidis which leads to meningoccocal meningitis. How can we prevent the meningoccocal meningitis? - Answer Administration of the meningococcal vaccine, a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. What is a rare but potentially lethal complication of meningococcal meningitis? - Answer Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (adrenal hemorrhage, petechiae, purpura, disseminate...

How treat new sclerotic lesion at L5 vertebral body in pt w bilateral orchiectomy after prostate cancer dx - Answer local radiation Pt has RUQ abdominal pain plus XR showing air in biliary tree and dilated transverse colon - dx - Answer cholecystoenteric fistula Pt has hoarse voice, sore throat, difficulty opening mouth. Swelling of R tonsillar pillar w uvula deviation to L - dx, tx - Answer Peritonsillar abscess - treat with incision and drainage w IV ampicillin-sulbactam Aft...

Do Arterial or Venous erythrocytes have lower intracellular Cl-? - Answer Arterial, because they carry less CO2 and participate less in the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger Does venous or arterial side have a greater NADP/NADPH Ratio - Answer Arterial bc they use more NADPH up to recover gluathione HLA associated with hereditary hemochromatosis - Answer HLA-A3 HLA-B8 association - Answer Addison Myasthenia Gravis Graves HLA-DR3 association - Answer SLE Addison HLA-D4 associa...

A 36-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of left wrist pain and swelling that started immediately after a fall. She was walking her dog when the dog abruptly pulled away, causing her to fall forward onto both hands. Physical examination shows left wrist pain with pinching and grasping, moderate swelling, and mild tenderness. Her left thumb is placed in a thumb immobilization splint. An x-ray of the wrist 2 days later is shown. The most likely cause of these findings is a fra...

Risk factors for the development of Osteoporosis - Answer is most commonly seen in postmenopausal women. the risk of developing primary osteoporosis in a patient < 65 years of age is low. Additionally, obesity is actually a protective factor against the development of osteoporosis. Genetic drift - Answer A minor genetic change from random point mutation that occurs as viruses replicate and evolve. Often results in changes in antigenic structure (e.g., hemagglutinin and neuraminidas...

achondroplasia inheritance - Answer FGFR3 mut (AD) achondroplasia si/sx - Answer normal length torso, short limbs, frontal bossing, macrocephaly achondrolasia pathophys - Answer activated receptor @ growth plates --> dysfunctional endochondral ossification of long bones osteogenesis imperfecta pathophys - Answer impaired collagen 1 synthesis (AD > AR) osteogenesis imperfecta si/sx - Answer growth retardation, skeletal anomalies, proportionate short stature, blue ...

Flu vaccine time frame - Answer annually October-April [northern hemisphere] May-October [Southern Hemisphere] Shingles vaccines recommendation - Answer recombinant > live Immunocompetent 50 yo < x 2 dose [2 months then 6 months] egg allergy NOT a contraindication Mexico trip prophylaxis - Answer Hep A vaccine Bismoyl [travelers diarrhea] Pt does not respond to Hep B series, serology will be... - Answer Negative! re-vaccinate 3-dose and give Hep B Ig Pneumo...

Decreased production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate - Answer Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a compound that mediates the vasodilatory effects of ACE inhibitor therapy by acting on myosin-light-chain phosphatase to dephosphorylate myosin, which leads to vascular smooth muscle cell relaxation. ACE inhibitor therapy increases, not decreases, the production of cGMP. Atorvastatin - Answer is a type of statin, or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, used to treat hypercholesterolemia. It...