- Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

A 49-year-old man with alcohol use disorder is brought to the emergency department immediately after two episodes of coffee-ground emesis. His pulse is 116/min and blood pressure is 92/54 mm Hg. Physical examination shows a distended abdomen with shifting dullness. Skin examination shows jaundice, erythematous palms, and dilated veins in the anterior abdominal wall. After fluid resuscitation, he is given a drug that decreases portal venous pressure. The drug works by inhibiting the secretion of ...

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8 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS

How treat new sclerotic lesion at L5 vertebral body in pt w bilateral orchiectomy after prostate cancer dx - Answer local radiation Pt has RUQ abdominal pain plus XR showing air in biliary tree and dilated transverse colon - dx - Answer cholecystoenteric fistula Pt has hoarse voice, sore throat, difficulty opening mouth. Swelling of R tonsillar pillar w uvula deviation to L - dx, tx - Answer Peritonsillar abscess - treat with incision and drainage w IV ampicillin-sulbactam Aft...

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52 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS

What is the most common cause cause of bacterial meningitis in children and young adults in the US - Answer Neisseria Meningitidis which leads to meningoccocal meningitis. How can we prevent the meningoccocal meningitis? - Answer Administration of the meningococcal vaccine, a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. What is a rare but potentially lethal complication of meningococcal meningitis? - Answer Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (adrenal hemorrhage, petechiae, purpura, disseminate...

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2 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS

Do Arterial or Venous erythrocytes have lower intracellular Cl-? - Answer Arterial, because they carry less CO2 and participate less in the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger Does venous or arterial side have a greater NADP/NADPH Ratio - Answer Arterial bc they use more NADPH up to recover gluathione HLA associated with hereditary hemochromatosis - Answer HLA-A3 HLA-B8 association - Answer Addison Myasthenia Gravis Graves HLA-DR3 association - Answer SLE Addison HLA-D4 associa...

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5 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS

A 77-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital because of chest pain and dyspnea. Serum troponin levels are elevated and an ECG shows ST-segment depressions in the lateral leads. Percutaneous coronary angiography is performed and occlusion of the distal left anterior descending coronary artery is identified. Pharmacotherapy with eptifibatide is initiated and a drug-eluting stent is placed in the left anterior descending coronary artery. The mechanism by which eptifib...

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12 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS

A 36-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of left wrist pain and swelling that started immediately after a fall. She was walking her dog when the dog abruptly pulled away, causing her to fall forward onto both hands. Physical examination shows left wrist pain with pinching and grasping, moderate swelling, and mild tenderness. Her left thumb is placed in a thumb immobilization splint. An x-ray of the wrist 2 days later is shown. The most likely cause of these findings is a fra...

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17 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS

Risk factors for the development of Osteoporosis - Answer is most commonly seen in postmenopausal women. the risk of developing primary osteoporosis in a patient < 65 years of age is low. Additionally, obesity is actually a protective factor against the development of osteoporosis. Genetic drift - Answer A minor genetic change from random point mutation that occurs as viruses replicate and evolve. Often results in changes in antigenic structure (e.g., hemagglutinin and neuraminidas...

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30 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS

GIVE DIAGNOSIS Upper Endoscopy Finding: Circumferential lesions, strictures, and linear, longitudinal furrows of the esophageal mucosa. Hx may include asthma, allergies, atopy. - Answer Eosinophilic Esophagitis Dx confirmed via biopsy. Tx: Allergy removal, PPI, topical glucocorticoids, +/- dilation. Tx for esophageal candidiasis - Answer Fluconazole RF: immunocompromised Give Diagnosis EGD findings: Multiple linear ulcers, strictures, and linear furrows. Hx immu...

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13 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS

achondroplasia inheritance - Answer FGFR3 mut (AD) achondroplasia si/sx - Answer normal length torso, short limbs, frontal bossing, macrocephaly achondrolasia pathophys - Answer activated receptor @ growth plates --> dysfunctional endochondral ossification of long bones osteogenesis imperfecta pathophys - Answer impaired collagen 1 synthesis (AD > AR) osteogenesis imperfecta si/sx - Answer growth retardation, skeletal anomalies, proportionate short stature, blue ...

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6 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS

Flu vaccine time frame - Answer annually October-April [northern hemisphere] May-October [Southern Hemisphere] Shingles vaccines recommendation - Answer recombinant > live Immunocompetent 50 yo < x 2 dose [2 months then 6 months] egg allergy NOT a contraindication Mexico trip prophylaxis - Answer Hep A vaccine Bismoyl [travelers diarrhea] Pt does not respond to Hep B series, serology will be... - Answer Negative! re-vaccinate 3-dose and give Hep B Ig Pneumo...

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4 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS

Decreased production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate - Answer Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a compound that mediates the vasodilatory effects of ACE inhibitor therapy by acting on myosin-light-chain phosphatase to dephosphorylate myosin, which leads to vascular smooth muscle cell relaxation. ACE inhibitor therapy increases, not decreases, the production of cGMP. Atorvastatin - Answer is a type of statin, or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, used to treat hypercholesterolemia. It...

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29 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS

A transient right-to-left atrial shunt that occurs during coughing, which increases right atrial pressure, - Answer patent foramen ovale (PFO). PFO is caused by a failure of the septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth. Sinus node dysfunction Sick sinus syndrome Abbreviation: SND - Answer A dysfunction of the sinoatrial node that can cause bradyarrhythmias (e.g., sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial pauses, blocks, and arrest) and/or tachyarrhythmias (e.g., Afib, SVT). Depending...

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53 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS

congenital unilateral hydronephrosis - dilation of renal pelvis and calyces on one side - Answer -obstruction at the the ureteropelvic junction -*ureteric bud formation error* which differentiates into collecting ducts, calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters. miosis, nystagmus, HTN, increased pulse and respiratory rate - Answer Phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication what region of liver contains the highest concentration of CYP450 enzymes which are sensitive to alcohol and other toxins - Answ...

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7 pages

Written in 2026/2027

Grade A+

COCOSOLUTIONS