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Exam (elaborations)
MICR 221 - Final Exam Questions Complete With Verified Answers
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---21January 20262025/2026A+
- MICR 221 - Final Exam Questions Complete With Verified Answers 
 
 
 
Q.what is an HERV and what does it represent - ANSWERS-human endogenous retroviruses; represent footprints of ancient germline retroviral infections 
 
Q.viruses do not encode information for - ANSWERS-energy production, ribosomes, tRNAs (some exceptions), lipid membrane synthesis 
 
Q.each plaque represents - ANSWERS-one single "successful" viral infection 
 
Q.virion - ANSWERS-mature inf...
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IszackBd
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Exam (elaborations)
MICR 221 - Final Exam (Banfield) Questions Complete With Verified Answers
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---28January 20262025/2026A+
- MICR 221 - Final Exam (Banfield) Questions Complete With Verified Answers 
 
 
 
Q.T/F: viruses always kill the host - ANSWERS-false; require a place to live 
 
Q.T/F: hosts fully kill all traces of virus - ANSWERS-false; by fully killing the virus, it enables new pathogens to enter 
 
Q.Example of Beneficial Host-Virus Relationships (2) - ANSWERS-1. Host - worm 
Virus - polydnavirus from wasp eggs (prevents destruction of eggs in worm) 
2. HERVs (retrovirus) causes resi...
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IszackBd
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Exam (elaborations)
MICR221 Exam Questions With Correct Answers.
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---26August 20242024/2025A+
- MICR221 Exam Questions With Correct 
Answers. 
Describe the process of binary fission - answer1. Genetic material replicates itself while the 
cell elongates 
2. Genetic material migrates to either end of the cell and the septum begins to form 
3. Septum then completely forms and the cell begins to separate 
4. Two identical daughter cells are formed 
How does population growth occur? - answerOccurs through binary fission, cell number 
increases exponentially 
Define the mean generation time - a...
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Thebright
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Exam (elaborations)
MICR221 Exam Questions With Correct Answers
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---4August 20242024/2025A+
- MICR221 Exam Questions With Correct 
Answers 
What type of aerobe needs 2-10% oxygen - answermicroaerobe 
what can bacteria use as sustained energy generation as well as ATP source - 
answerfermentation pathway 
relationship between persistence and resistence - answerafter anti biotic kill exponential 
numbers of bacteria, any bacteria that survived is persistent and can mutate to become 
geentically resistant 
what effect does hypoxia have on bacteria - answerdepletion of oxygen leads it to the...
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Thebright
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Exam (elaborations)
MICR221 Exam Questions With Correct Answers
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---4August 20242024/2025A+
- MICR221 Exam Questions With Correct 
Answers 
How do you tell if bacteria is dead or alive - answerCulturing it on an argar to see if it grows 
K-type strategist - answerSlow growing 
Food preserving 
Longer lasting 
r-type strategist - answerMuch faster growing bacteria, 
Wastes food faster than it can reproduce 
Latent infection - answerDormant infection of virus/bacteria until immune system in 
compromised -> lead to full blown infection 
What is persistence in bacteria and what are its ke...
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Thebright
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Exam (elaborations)
MICR 221 Midterm Exam Questions With Correct Answers
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---28August 20242024/2025A+
- MICR 221 Midterm Exam Questions With 
Correct Answers 
Example of Infectious Disease in 1813 and now - answer1813: Napoleon's army in Leipzig 
had 220,000 out of 500,000 infected with illness like typhus and dysentery which led to his 
defeat 
Now: Haiti is in its 6th year of cholera that killed 10,000 and sickened 650,000 
Who is Anton van Leeuwenhoek () and what is he credited for? - answeris a 
haberdasher who is the first to describe microbes using microscopes that could magnify 50-300x; 
d...
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Thebright
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Exam (elaborations)
Micr 221 Exam Questions With Correct Answers
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---6August 20242024/2025A+
- Micr 221 Exam Questions With Correct 
Answers 
Aerobic environment and aerobes environment - answerhigh oxygen (atmospheric, 21% O2) 
oxic environment 
Microaerobic environment and microaerophiles environment - answertrace oxygen (2-10% 
O2 or less) 
hypoxic environments 
Anaerobic envirnment and anaerobes environment - answerstrictly 0% O2 
anoxic Environment 
facultative - answerif O2 is present it will use, if not then it won't use O2 
Flexibility - answerability to adapt to a range of envir...
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Thebright
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Exam (elaborations)
MICR 221 Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers
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--26August 20242024/2025A+Available in bundle
- MICR 221 Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers 
 
AB toxins - Answer-They are two component protein complexes 
The A subunit has toxic (enzymatic) activity. 
B subunit binds to surface of host human cell and facilitates internalization of the A sub unit 
 
/.Adaptation of oral bacteria to challenging micro environments - Answer-early colonizers are exposed to a pH of 3-4 
 
late in colonization, bacteria are present in an anoxic environment 
 
/.aerotolerant anaerobe - Answer-tolerate oxyge...
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kartelodoc
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Exam (elaborations)
MICR 221 MIDTERM TEST QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS ALL UPDATED!
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--26August 20242024/2025A+Available in bundle
- MICR 221 MIDTERM TEST QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS ALL UPDATED! 
What are trace elements? - Answer-very little in media since they are present in sufficient amounts as contaminants of the major things being added to the media, cofactors for key enzymes, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, nickel 
 
How is the requirement for carbon, oxygen and hydrogen met? - Answer-add a single organic compound like glucose or protein 
 
What carbon source do autotrophs use; heterotrophs? - Answer-carbon dioxide; reduce...
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Perfectscorer