- Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

Antigen any substance that elicits an immune response (virus, bacteria, fungi, etc.) Lymphocyte immune cells 3 types: t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes, NK cells T lymphocytes differentiate into: t helper cells and t cytotoxic cells; originate in thymus Helper t cells "cheerleaders"; have no ability to lyse cells or eat antigens; they secrete cytokines that stimulate b cells to create antibodies; they also encourage the growth of cytotoxic t cells, and stimulate macrophages to consume pathogens;...

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12 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Friedman Findings and signifigance Kids with strongest defense mechanism against leukemia (late stage) had lowest glucocorticoid levels showed we can change how much stress we are experiencing based on our appraisal (secondary mainly) negativity bias we have a tendency to focus on more negative than positive thing. -can be unconscious -contributes to our stress levels Aaron beck pioneer in Cognitive behavioral Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs (depression) cause depression. cognit...

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0 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

STANFORDGRADESS

BBH 432 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECTR SOLUTIONS||100% GUARANTEED PASS||A+ GRADED||UPDATED 2026/2027 SYLLABUS||<<RECENT VERSION>> The amygdala .... vs the hippocampus - ANSWER the amygdala detects information; the hippocampus stores it the hippocampus is highly - ANSWER plastic... constantly evolving hippocampus in the stress response - ANSWER contains glucocorticoid receptors... cortisol binds and helps slow down the stress response Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - ANSWE...

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11 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

SmartscoreAaron

Bbh 432 Exam 2 Questions With Accurate Answers ...

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7 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

Zayla

Core construct of health research stressor, pathogen (child abuse) --> internal process (HPA axis changes) --> health outcome (depression) General process: mediating models: what explains or accounts for stress--> outcome; basic theory development and testing Individual differences moderating models: specify sub population characteristics of an effect; descriptive or theory based, important to specify in advance for efficacy trials Differing views on how stress should be conceptualiz...

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7 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Why are models important in the study of disease? they influence treatments you select, partly determined by the tools you have available Descartes: contributions to the biomedical model introduced mind-body dualism ("Cartesian dualism") "Cartesian dualism" 1. Mind and body are separate 2. The mind is not subject to physical constraints that confine our bodies; there is no way for the mind to affect our bodies 3. To reduce disease you must focus on rational observations of physics/chemistr...

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13 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Why are models important in the study of disease? models are representations of how you believe a system works; your model of how a disease is created greatly influences which treatments you will select Descartes *mind-body dualism*: the mind and body are separate, & in order to reduce disease, you must focus on rational observation of the sciences *reductionism*: there is a single, fundamental, material level of reality; complex machines are simply combinations of simpler machines *the ghost...

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10 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Social Support 1. Social interactions embedded in relationships that provide a person with potential access to actual perceived resources from others 2. Social Networks ---Defined as "The vehicle through which social support is provided" ---Refers to people's social ties to one another, and the structure of those social ties ---Depending on the network, social networks may or may not be supportive or beneficial Types of Social Support 1. Emotional Support 2. Instrumental Support 3. Informati...

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2 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Metabolic Imprinting Process : A. Reduced caloric intake by mother results in reduced metabolic rate and increased storage of nutrients by fetus B. Results in increased risk of Metabolic Syndrome as an adult Metabolic Imprinting Evidence : A. Dutch Hunger Winter children 1. First trimester fetus : Increased risk of obesity , heart disease , and elevated plasma cholesterol 2. Second / third trimester fetus : Increased risk of diabetes Metabolic Imprinting Evidence : A. Dutch Hunger Winter child...

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3 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Know the definition of stress from Baum, Grunberg, and Singer "Stress is a process in which environmental or psychological events, called stressors, come to threaten an organism's safety or well-being." Stress is a process That process of how we respond, how long we respond, and how that response is resolved becomes really important in terms of health consequences. -referring not only to the stress response, but also to the interaction between the organism and the environment during the even...

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5 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) 1. Deals with interactions among the mind, the nervous system, the immune system and the endocrine system; the impact of behavior/stress on these interactions; and the implications for health and disease Robert Ader's Experiment 1. In 1975, Ader conducted the first experiments showing that the brain directly influences the immune system by using classical conditioning in rats 2. To study taste aversion, rats were given an injection of a nausea inducing drug, paired ...

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5 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Personality Characteristic pattern of how an individual thinks, feels, and behaves Personality Traits Specific characteristics that make up an individual's personality, and these traits are stable over time (as opposed to states, or emotional responses that change rapidly, sometimes from moment to moment) Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) The collection of 16 purported personality types that are supposed to correspond with what jobs you are most suited for and how successful you might be as...

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12 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Immune system a set of physiological defenses that protect us Non-specific immunity involves inflammation and wbc Specific immunity involves luekocytes Types of wbcs phagocytes and macrophages and nk cells Interferons proteins that is a part of a class of signaling proteins called cytokines Cytokines think messengers, can be pro or non inflam (is a positive feeback loop) Inflamatory response 1. Damage to tissue occurs 2. Receptors sense damage 3. Histamines are released 4. Blood vessels di...

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4 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Tend-and-befriend response under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend) Biobehavioral threat response designed to protect self and offspring: - use of social groups: to provide physical and perhaps psychological protection - calming and soothing behaviors: to protect offspring when fight or flight would be impossible or unhelpful Tend blend into environment; quiet and care for others Befriend create and ma...

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20 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Personality & Health: Type A / Hostility Cardiovascular disease/mortality (R. Williams) Personality & Health: Conscientiousness Life Span Personality & Health: High Sociality/Boldness/Aggression Parasite Load/Predation Risk' Personality & Health: What is personality/temperament? Consistent behavioral/cognitive/emotional tendency: Across time & Across situations Personality & Health: How can personality affect health? Physiological Mechanisms (Physiological correlates of personality, E.g. el...

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9 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Why are models important in the study of disease? Can be used to study human health and disease, just as physics is used to understand steam engines Descartes -Mind-body dualism -Argued disease should be studied scientifically Bernard -Argued against Vitalism -Dissected living animals in front of his students -Father of physiology Rudolf Virchow -Cells live or die based on measurable factors in the environment -Cell theory LouisPasteur -Germ theory -Sterilization prevents infection -Disease ...

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14 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Tend-and-Befriend 1. under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend) (Connectedness) 2. Introduced by Shelley Taylor and colleagues 3. Tending reduces biological stress in mother and offspring Primary hormones 1. Tend-and-Befriend: Oxytocin --Oxytocin is greater in women than men with estrogen impacting it greatly --Oxytocin tends to calm the stress response by bringing down cortisol and epinephrine levels --Co...

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2 pages

Written in 2024/2025

twishfrancis

1. How does constantly activating the stress response increase risk for heart disease? stress makes muscles work harder- in veins and hearts making them work harder and pushing blood through- will make muscle increase makes veins rigid and smaller also make heartmuscle increase on one side of the hearts- leftb hypertrophy- puts you at risk for irregular heartrate thickend wall in ventricle can require more blood than the coronary arteries can supply 1. What mechanisms of the stress response dam...

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6 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Depression - anhedonia - overattention to negative stimuli - guilt / worthelssness - duration: > 2 weeks - memory / concentration problems - altered appeite and sleep Depression Prevalence - 5-20% of Americans afflicted - often after chronic/severe stress - more frequent in women: men (2:1) - heritability: 40-50% Physiology of Depression - neuroanatomical/functional & neurochemical changes - HPA alterations - cytokine (immune) alterations - genetics (5-HTT, CRFR) and environment (stress) D...

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5 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Stress An event that is interpreted as threatening and elicits the physiological and behavioral responses associated with the stress response. A threat to homeostasis Eustress positive stress Distress negative stress Stressor any factor that causes stress Perception means the physical act of perceiving (hearing, seeing, touch, tastes and smell) Appraisal the act of assigning meaning or value to a perception Biological effects of stress Headache, chest pain, pounding heart, high blood press...

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11 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What is the end replication problem? With consecutive rounds of DNA replication, the ends of the DNA, the telomeres will become shorter and shorter What is the Hayflick Limit? -Telomere provide a means for "counting" cell division -The number of times a normal human cell population will divide until cell division stops -Empirical will get slightly shorter with each new cell division until they shorten to a critical length (this is what the graph shows) What are the main functions of telomere...

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2 pages

Written in 2024/2025

Grade A+

twishfrancis