ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026
MIDTERM AND FINAL QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS
◉ thirst
- Osmoreceptors detect plasma concentration. If the plasma
concentration is too high, the thirst mechanism is activated. Answer:
A patient has suffered an injury which has resulted in
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus being disrupted. Which of the
following may be affected in this patient?
Thirst
Body temperature
sense of satiety
Mood
◉1
,- two lbs of weight equal 1 L of fluid. Answer: A patient with
congestive heart failure is given a diuretic to reduce excess fluid
volume. The patient has lost 2 pounds. How many liters of fluid have
been lost?
◉ the chart cannot assess insensible fluid loss such as sweat
- the fluid intake and output sheet does not directly assess insensible
water loss as occurs in sweat, lungs, and feces. Answer: The
accompanying figure is a fluid intake and output sheet for a patient.
As the nursing student reviews the sheet, which of the following
observations are correct?
◉ ICF
- Total weight in the body is 60%, with 40% in the intracellular fluid
(ICF), 20% in the extracellular (ECF). Answer: Which area,
represented in the figure, contains 40% of total body weight?
◉ antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Answer: A nurse sees the words
"arginine vasopressin" written on a report. What term could she
substitute in its place?
◉ A patient suffering from protein malnutrition
A patient suffering from liver failure
,A patient suffering from heart failure
- Protein is needed to form albumin. If albumin cannot be formed,
the oncotic pressure in the vascular system is lowered. This may
lead to edema.
- The liver synthesizes albumin. If albumin cannot be synthesized,
oncotic pressure in the vascular system is lowered, leading to
edema.
- In heart failure, fluid volume excess may lead to edema.. Answer:
Which of the following patient presentations may increase the risk
for edema? Select all that apply.
A patient suffering from protein malnutrition
A patient suffering from liver failure
A patient suffering from heart failure
A patient suffering from dehydration
A patient with hyperalbuminemia
◉ Plasma osmolarity less than normal
Urine osmolarity higher than normal
, - The fluid retention that occurs in SIADH will dilute plasma
components
- As SIADH retains water in the body, the urine becomes more
concentrated.. Answer: A nurse notes on a patient's chart the
presence of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
(SIADH) due to a pulmonary tumor. Which of the following can the
nurse expect to observe? Select all that apply.
Dry mucous membranes
Plasma osmolarity less than normal
Urine output greater than normal
Urine osmolarity higher than normal
Decreased blood pressure
◉ aldosterone
- Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal
cortex.. Answer: A nursing student is reviewing her note cards for
MIDTERM AND FINAL QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS
◉ thirst
- Osmoreceptors detect plasma concentration. If the plasma
concentration is too high, the thirst mechanism is activated. Answer:
A patient has suffered an injury which has resulted in
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus being disrupted. Which of the
following may be affected in this patient?
Thirst
Body temperature
sense of satiety
Mood
◉1
,- two lbs of weight equal 1 L of fluid. Answer: A patient with
congestive heart failure is given a diuretic to reduce excess fluid
volume. The patient has lost 2 pounds. How many liters of fluid have
been lost?
◉ the chart cannot assess insensible fluid loss such as sweat
- the fluid intake and output sheet does not directly assess insensible
water loss as occurs in sweat, lungs, and feces. Answer: The
accompanying figure is a fluid intake and output sheet for a patient.
As the nursing student reviews the sheet, which of the following
observations are correct?
◉ ICF
- Total weight in the body is 60%, with 40% in the intracellular fluid
(ICF), 20% in the extracellular (ECF). Answer: Which area,
represented in the figure, contains 40% of total body weight?
◉ antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Answer: A nurse sees the words
"arginine vasopressin" written on a report. What term could she
substitute in its place?
◉ A patient suffering from protein malnutrition
A patient suffering from liver failure
,A patient suffering from heart failure
- Protein is needed to form albumin. If albumin cannot be formed,
the oncotic pressure in the vascular system is lowered. This may
lead to edema.
- The liver synthesizes albumin. If albumin cannot be synthesized,
oncotic pressure in the vascular system is lowered, leading to
edema.
- In heart failure, fluid volume excess may lead to edema.. Answer:
Which of the following patient presentations may increase the risk
for edema? Select all that apply.
A patient suffering from protein malnutrition
A patient suffering from liver failure
A patient suffering from heart failure
A patient suffering from dehydration
A patient with hyperalbuminemia
◉ Plasma osmolarity less than normal
Urine osmolarity higher than normal
, - The fluid retention that occurs in SIADH will dilute plasma
components
- As SIADH retains water in the body, the urine becomes more
concentrated.. Answer: A nurse notes on a patient's chart the
presence of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
(SIADH) due to a pulmonary tumor. Which of the following can the
nurse expect to observe? Select all that apply.
Dry mucous membranes
Plasma osmolarity less than normal
Urine output greater than normal
Urine osmolarity higher than normal
Decreased blood pressure
◉ aldosterone
- Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal
cortex.. Answer: A nursing student is reviewing her note cards for
