Nurs 611 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology (Maryville University) Newest 2025 Complete 300
Questions And Correct Answers |Already Graded A+
What are the major characteristics of type 1 DM? - ANSWER-1- T-cell infiltration of the pancreas
2-destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells
3-auto-antibodies are formed against pancreatic cells
What does epigenetics do? - ANSWER-bridges DNA info and function by modifying gene expression
without any alteration in DNA sequence
What can epigenetic modification cause individuals with the same DNA (twins) - ANSWER-have different
disease profiles
Ex: the occurrence of asthma in only one pair of the identical twins
What is demonstrated when twins age? what does this cause? - ANSWER-1- they demonstrate increasing
differences in methylation patterns of their DNA sequences causing increased numbers in phenotype
differences
What environmental factors can affect epigenetic modification? - ANSWER-diet and exposure to certain
chemicals
What is the main difference between DNA mutation and epigenetic modification? - ANSWER-DNA
sequence mutations cannot be altered but epigenetic modifications can be reversed
Ex: 5-azacytidin
When messenger RNA (mRNA) is over-expressed what does it result in and why? - ANSWER-1-results in
metastasis of an already existing cancer
2- hypermethylation is in miRNA genes that bind to the ends of mRNAs, degrading them and preventing
their translation, so when mRNA targets are over-expressed it increases metastasis ability to continue.
What are the 8 signs and symptoms of dehydration - ANSWER-1-headache
2-thirst
,3-dry skin
4-dry mucous membranes
5- elevated temp
6-weight loss (except with edema)
7- decreased/ concentrated urine
8- skin turgor normal or decreased (not great ex) look at tongue
What are 4 signs and symptoms of HYPOvolemia - ANSWER-1- tachycardia
2-weak pulse
3- dizziness
4- postural hypotension
what receptors cause us to feel thirst? how are they activated? - ANSWER-1- osmoreceptors
2- activated by increase in osmotic pressure of the plasma
Name 3 populations vulnerable to fluid volume deficit - ANSWER-1- infants: 75-80% total body water
2- obese: fat is water repelling (BMI >30)
3-elderly: thirst sensation is diminished
What is oncotic pressure heavily influenced by? - ANSWER-plasma proteins
What does low plasma albumin cause? - ANSWER-edema as a result of a reduction in plasma oncotic
pressure
What is oncotic pressure? - ANSWER-aka colloidal osmotic pressure- it is pressure exerted by proteins,
notably albumin, in the blood vessels plasma that tends to pull water into the circulatory system
explain how fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space. what is it influenced
by>? - ANSWER-through the arterial end of capillaries and the capillary hydrostatic pressure being higher
,than the capillary oncotic pressure. It is influenced by the cardiac system (think about the heart getting
fluids/nutrients where they need to go)
What are natriuretic peptides? - ANSWER-hormones
name 3 natriuretic peptides and what they produce by/ associated with - ANSWER-1- Artial natriuetric
peptide (ANP) produced by the myocardia atria
2- brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) produced by the myocardia ventricles
3- Urodilation within the kidney
what 2 things do natriuretic peptides affect? - ANSWER-decrease BP and increase sodium and water
excretion
what are natriuretic peptides an antagonist of? - ANSWER-the RAAS system (weak antagonist)
What doe RAAS stand for? - ANSWER-renin angiotension-aldosterone system
What is renin? - ANSWER-an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney that promotes
the production of the protein angiotensin.
Explain RAAS - ANSWER-1- circulating blood volume/pressure is reduced felt by the kidneys
2- renin is released in response to the sympathetic nerve stimulation and decreased perfusion of the
renal vasculature. Angiotension I is converted into Angiotension II.
3- aldosterone is pumped out by the adrenal glans (main hormone released to increase perfusion).
aldosterone increased sodium and therefore an increase in storage of water and increases BP
what causes the secretion of ADH and the feeling of thirst - ANSWER-1- increase in the plasma
osmolality (works with sodium and is released by the posterior pituitary), conserves waters.
Think hypovolemia after a stabbing (RASS and ADH work together)
, Normal range of sodium - ANSWER-135-145 mEq/L
What does sodium do? - ANSWER-regulates fluids, and maintains neuromuscular irritability for
conduction of nerve impulses
What are the clinical manifestations of severe hypernatremia (4 C's) - ANSWER-confusion, convulsion,
cerebral hemorrhage, and coma
what causes hypernatremia? - ANSWER-1- inadequate free water intake (elderly)
2- inappropriate hypertonic solution (3% and 5% NS)
3- over secretion of aldosterone
how is fluid balance restored with hypernatremia? - ANSWER-water is drawn from the intracellular space
to the extracellular space
What happens to the brain with hypernatremia? - ANSWER-blood vessels pull water out of brain cells
causing the brain cells to shrink and have micro hemorrhages by stretching and contracting of veins
What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia - ANSWER-1-headache
2-lethargy
3-confusion
4-seizures (from cerebral edema)
5-coma (from cerebral edema)
what causes hyponatremia? - ANSWER-1- sodium deficits (diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea)
2- diseases (kidney, heart and liver failure)
3- hypotonic solutions (D5W)
normal range of potassium? - ANSWER-3.5-5 mEq/L
Questions And Correct Answers |Already Graded A+
What are the major characteristics of type 1 DM? - ANSWER-1- T-cell infiltration of the pancreas
2-destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells
3-auto-antibodies are formed against pancreatic cells
What does epigenetics do? - ANSWER-bridges DNA info and function by modifying gene expression
without any alteration in DNA sequence
What can epigenetic modification cause individuals with the same DNA (twins) - ANSWER-have different
disease profiles
Ex: the occurrence of asthma in only one pair of the identical twins
What is demonstrated when twins age? what does this cause? - ANSWER-1- they demonstrate increasing
differences in methylation patterns of their DNA sequences causing increased numbers in phenotype
differences
What environmental factors can affect epigenetic modification? - ANSWER-diet and exposure to certain
chemicals
What is the main difference between DNA mutation and epigenetic modification? - ANSWER-DNA
sequence mutations cannot be altered but epigenetic modifications can be reversed
Ex: 5-azacytidin
When messenger RNA (mRNA) is over-expressed what does it result in and why? - ANSWER-1-results in
metastasis of an already existing cancer
2- hypermethylation is in miRNA genes that bind to the ends of mRNAs, degrading them and preventing
their translation, so when mRNA targets are over-expressed it increases metastasis ability to continue.
What are the 8 signs and symptoms of dehydration - ANSWER-1-headache
2-thirst
,3-dry skin
4-dry mucous membranes
5- elevated temp
6-weight loss (except with edema)
7- decreased/ concentrated urine
8- skin turgor normal or decreased (not great ex) look at tongue
What are 4 signs and symptoms of HYPOvolemia - ANSWER-1- tachycardia
2-weak pulse
3- dizziness
4- postural hypotension
what receptors cause us to feel thirst? how are they activated? - ANSWER-1- osmoreceptors
2- activated by increase in osmotic pressure of the plasma
Name 3 populations vulnerable to fluid volume deficit - ANSWER-1- infants: 75-80% total body water
2- obese: fat is water repelling (BMI >30)
3-elderly: thirst sensation is diminished
What is oncotic pressure heavily influenced by? - ANSWER-plasma proteins
What does low plasma albumin cause? - ANSWER-edema as a result of a reduction in plasma oncotic
pressure
What is oncotic pressure? - ANSWER-aka colloidal osmotic pressure- it is pressure exerted by proteins,
notably albumin, in the blood vessels plasma that tends to pull water into the circulatory system
explain how fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space. what is it influenced
by>? - ANSWER-through the arterial end of capillaries and the capillary hydrostatic pressure being higher
,than the capillary oncotic pressure. It is influenced by the cardiac system (think about the heart getting
fluids/nutrients where they need to go)
What are natriuretic peptides? - ANSWER-hormones
name 3 natriuretic peptides and what they produce by/ associated with - ANSWER-1- Artial natriuetric
peptide (ANP) produced by the myocardia atria
2- brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) produced by the myocardia ventricles
3- Urodilation within the kidney
what 2 things do natriuretic peptides affect? - ANSWER-decrease BP and increase sodium and water
excretion
what are natriuretic peptides an antagonist of? - ANSWER-the RAAS system (weak antagonist)
What doe RAAS stand for? - ANSWER-renin angiotension-aldosterone system
What is renin? - ANSWER-an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney that promotes
the production of the protein angiotensin.
Explain RAAS - ANSWER-1- circulating blood volume/pressure is reduced felt by the kidneys
2- renin is released in response to the sympathetic nerve stimulation and decreased perfusion of the
renal vasculature. Angiotension I is converted into Angiotension II.
3- aldosterone is pumped out by the adrenal glans (main hormone released to increase perfusion).
aldosterone increased sodium and therefore an increase in storage of water and increases BP
what causes the secretion of ADH and the feeling of thirst - ANSWER-1- increase in the plasma
osmolality (works with sodium and is released by the posterior pituitary), conserves waters.
Think hypovolemia after a stabbing (RASS and ADH work together)
, Normal range of sodium - ANSWER-135-145 mEq/L
What does sodium do? - ANSWER-regulates fluids, and maintains neuromuscular irritability for
conduction of nerve impulses
What are the clinical manifestations of severe hypernatremia (4 C's) - ANSWER-confusion, convulsion,
cerebral hemorrhage, and coma
what causes hypernatremia? - ANSWER-1- inadequate free water intake (elderly)
2- inappropriate hypertonic solution (3% and 5% NS)
3- over secretion of aldosterone
how is fluid balance restored with hypernatremia? - ANSWER-water is drawn from the intracellular space
to the extracellular space
What happens to the brain with hypernatremia? - ANSWER-blood vessels pull water out of brain cells
causing the brain cells to shrink and have micro hemorrhages by stretching and contracting of veins
What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia - ANSWER-1-headache
2-lethargy
3-confusion
4-seizures (from cerebral edema)
5-coma (from cerebral edema)
what causes hyponatremia? - ANSWER-1- sodium deficits (diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea)
2- diseases (kidney, heart and liver failure)
3- hypotonic solutions (D5W)
normal range of potassium? - ANSWER-3.5-5 mEq/L
