Instructor’s Solution Manual
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Artificial Intelligence bn
A Modern
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© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
, Approach
Fourth Edition bn
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig
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with contributions from
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Nalin Chhibber, Ernest Davis, Nicholas J. Hay, Jared Moore, Alex Rudnick,
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
Mehran Sahami, Xiaocheng Mesut Yang, and Albert Yu
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
This solution manual is intended for the instructor of a class. Students should use the
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
online site for exercises at aimacode.github.io/aima-exercises. That
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site is open for anyone to use. It offers solutions for some but not all of the exercises;
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
an instructor can check there to see which ones have solutions. The exercises are
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
online rather than in the textbook itself because (a) the textbook is long enough as
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
is, and (b) we wanted to be able to update the exercises frequently.
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
Copyright © 2022 bn bn
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
,EXERCISES b n b n
1
INTRODUCTION
Note that for many of the questions in this chapter, we give references where answers
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
can be found rather than writing them out—the full answers would be far too long.
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
1.1 b n What Is AI? bn bn
Exercise 1.1.#DEFA
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
apply knowledge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
comprehend and profit from experience.” These are all reasonable answers,
bn bn bn bn bn b n bn bn bn bn
but if we want something quantifiable we would use something like “the ability
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
to act successfully across a wide range of objectives in complex environments.”
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
b. We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
programs that perform well in a given class of environments, for a given agent
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
architecture; they do the right thing. An important part of that is dealing with
bn bn bn bn bn bn b n bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
the uncertainty of what the current state is, what the outcome of possible
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
actions might be, and what is it that we really desire.
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
c. We define an agent as an entity that takes action in response to percepts from
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
an envi- ronment.
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d. We define rationality as the property of a system which does the “right thing”
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
given what it knows. See Section 2.2 for a more complete discussion. The
bn bn bn bn b n bn bn bn bn bn bn bn b n
basic concept is perfect rationality; Section ?? describes the impossibility of
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
achieving perfect rational- ity and proposes an alternative definition.
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
e. We define logical reasoning as the a process of deriving new sentences from old,
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
such that the new sentences are necessarily true if the old ones are true. (Notice
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
that does not refer to any specific syntax or formal language, but it does require a
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
well-defined notion of truth.)
bn bn bn bn
Exercise 1.1.#TURI
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several
objections to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
,
bn bn
Artificial Intelligence bn
A Modern
bn bn bn
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
, Approach
Fourth Edition bn
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig
bn bn bn bn bn
with contributions from
bn bn
Nalin Chhibber, Ernest Davis, Nicholas J. Hay, Jared Moore, Alex Rudnick,
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
Mehran Sahami, Xiaocheng Mesut Yang, and Albert Yu
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
This solution manual is intended for the instructor of a class. Students should use the
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
online site for exercises at aimacode.github.io/aima-exercises. That
bn bn bn bn bn bn b n
site is open for anyone to use. It offers solutions for some but not all of the exercises;
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
an instructor can check there to see which ones have solutions. The exercises are
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
online rather than in the textbook itself because (a) the textbook is long enough as
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
is, and (b) we wanted to be able to update the exercises frequently.
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
Copyright © 2022 bn bn
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
,EXERCISES b n b n
1
INTRODUCTION
Note that for many of the questions in this chapter, we give references where answers
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
can be found rather than writing them out—the full answers would be far too long.
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
1.1 b n What Is AI? bn bn
Exercise 1.1.#DEFA
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
apply knowledge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
comprehend and profit from experience.” These are all reasonable answers,
bn bn bn bn bn b n bn bn bn bn
but if we want something quantifiable we would use something like “the ability
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
to act successfully across a wide range of objectives in complex environments.”
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
b. We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
programs that perform well in a given class of environments, for a given agent
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
architecture; they do the right thing. An important part of that is dealing with
bn bn bn bn bn bn b n bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
the uncertainty of what the current state is, what the outcome of possible
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
actions might be, and what is it that we really desire.
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
c. We define an agent as an entity that takes action in response to percepts from
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
an envi- ronment.
bn bn bn
d. We define rationality as the property of a system which does the “right thing”
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
given what it knows. See Section 2.2 for a more complete discussion. The
bn bn bn bn b n bn bn bn bn bn bn bn b n
basic concept is perfect rationality; Section ?? describes the impossibility of
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
achieving perfect rational- ity and proposes an alternative definition.
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
e. We define logical reasoning as the a process of deriving new sentences from old,
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
such that the new sentences are necessarily true if the old ones are true. (Notice
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
that does not refer to any specific syntax or formal language, but it does require a
bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn bn
well-defined notion of truth.)
bn bn bn bn
Exercise 1.1.#TURI
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several
objections to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
,
