BIO 181 FINAL EXAM TEST QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
A Theory
an explanation for a very general class of phenomena or observations that are supported by
a wide body of evidence.
Cell Theory
all organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from existing cells.
Natural Selection
heritable traits passed onto offspring, population is a group of the same individuals living in
the same area at the same time.
A Hypothesis
an idea or theory that is not proven but that leads to further study or discussion
3 Domains
Prokaryotic Cells:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya--Eukaryotic, Animals, Plants, Fungi
,What do cells have in common?
All cells have
Nucleotides,
Proteins,
Carbohydrates,
Plasma Membrane
Carrier Protiens:
NO energy input
GLUT-1
Mitosis:
Definition: Somatic cells, Nuclear division,
Outcome: 2 IDENTICAL daughter cells
Chromosomes:
Tightly packed DNA around proteins (histones)
Encodes the cell's genetic information
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
, Sister Chromatids:
Both chromatid copies in a replicated chromosome
genetically identical material
Phases of the Cell Cycle and What Happens in Each:
Prophase: nuclear envelope disappears chromosomes condense
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase: the chromatids are pulled apart
Telophase: nuclear envelope forms again
Cell Cycle Checkpoints:
Major decisions: to continue or stop
-pass G1 if nutrients are available, right size, DNA is NOT physically damaged
-pass G2 if DNA is UN-damaged, chromosomes replicated successfully, activated MPF is
present
-M-Phase chromosomes kinetochores must be attached to the spindle apparatus and
sister chromosomes must have been separated successfully
What is the mitosis promoting factor?
How do you turn it off/on?
MPF: 2 subunits -cyclin, cyclin dependent kinase
Regulatory protein
Induces mitosis
ACTIVATION: late in G2 another enzyme removes 1 phosphate
A Theory
an explanation for a very general class of phenomena or observations that are supported by
a wide body of evidence.
Cell Theory
all organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from existing cells.
Natural Selection
heritable traits passed onto offspring, population is a group of the same individuals living in
the same area at the same time.
A Hypothesis
an idea or theory that is not proven but that leads to further study or discussion
3 Domains
Prokaryotic Cells:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya--Eukaryotic, Animals, Plants, Fungi
,What do cells have in common?
All cells have
Nucleotides,
Proteins,
Carbohydrates,
Plasma Membrane
Carrier Protiens:
NO energy input
GLUT-1
Mitosis:
Definition: Somatic cells, Nuclear division,
Outcome: 2 IDENTICAL daughter cells
Chromosomes:
Tightly packed DNA around proteins (histones)
Encodes the cell's genetic information
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
, Sister Chromatids:
Both chromatid copies in a replicated chromosome
genetically identical material
Phases of the Cell Cycle and What Happens in Each:
Prophase: nuclear envelope disappears chromosomes condense
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase: the chromatids are pulled apart
Telophase: nuclear envelope forms again
Cell Cycle Checkpoints:
Major decisions: to continue or stop
-pass G1 if nutrients are available, right size, DNA is NOT physically damaged
-pass G2 if DNA is UN-damaged, chromosomes replicated successfully, activated MPF is
present
-M-Phase chromosomes kinetochores must be attached to the spindle apparatus and
sister chromosomes must have been separated successfully
What is the mitosis promoting factor?
How do you turn it off/on?
MPF: 2 subunits -cyclin, cyclin dependent kinase
Regulatory protein
Induces mitosis
ACTIVATION: late in G2 another enzyme removes 1 phosphate
