CMCP Exam 2 UPDATED Study Guide
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS an abnormal elevation of arterial
pressure, high blood pressure, silent killer
Prevalence of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS - increases with age
- greater in black than white populations
- lower in Hispanic populations
- lowest in Asian populations
- greater in men
Primary/ essential hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS undetermined
exact cause, 90% of cases
Secondary hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS high blood pressure
associated with an underlying condition, 10% of cases
Most common causes of secondary hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS
kidney disease, adrenal disorders, oral contraceptives, sleep apnea
Hypertension risk factors - CORRECT ANSWERS - age
- race
- reduced number of nephrons
- lifestyle (obesity, smoking, alcohol, salt intake)
- family history
Systolic blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS the pressure at the peak
of ventricular contraction
,Diastolic blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS total resting resistance
after passage of the pulsation force- produced by contraction of the left ventricle
Pulse pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS difference between systolic and
diastolic pressure
(systolic- diastolic = pulse pressure)
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) - CORRECT ANSWERS diastolic
pressure plus 1/3 pulse pressure
(Diastolic + 1/3PP)
Complications of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS - reduces life
span 10-20 years if untreated
- increases risk of complications- stroke or MI
- 20 mmHg systolic increase and 10 mmHg diastolic increase doubles risk for
death from ischemic heart disease and CVA
prolonged hypertension can cause - CORRECT ANSWERS - arterial
damage
- heart disease
- MI
- coronary insufficiency
- congestive heart failure
- renal failure
- CVA
- dementia
- encephalopathy
- blindness
,Early symptoms of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS - elevated BP
reading
- vision changes: narrowing of retinal arterioles
- occipital headache
- dizziness
- tinnitus
Advanced symptoms of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS - rupture,
hemorrhage retinal arterioles
- papilledema
- angina
- left ventricular hypertrophy: makes heart chamber smaller
- congestive heart failure
- proteinuria
- renal failure
- dementia
- encephalopathy
- CVA
Medical management of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS drug tx
for mild to moderate hypertension- effective in preventing complications
Goals of antihypertensive therapy - CORRECT ANSWERS - ideal to
achieve and maintain diastolic lower than 80 mmHg and systolic below 130
mmHg
- early tx/ intervention to avoid complications over time
, Normal blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS - systolic less than 120
and
- diastolic less than 80
Elevated blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS - systolic 120-129
and
- diastolic less than 80
Hypertension stage 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS - systolic 130-139
or
- diastolic 80-89
Hypertension stage 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS - systolic 140 or higher
or
- diastolic 90 or higher
Hypertensive crisis - CORRECT ANSWERS - systolic 180 or higher
and/ or
- diastolic higher than 120
How to diagnose hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS when blood
pressure is consistently systolic 130 or higher and/or diastolic 80 or higher
When drug therapy for hypertension indicated - CORRECT ANSWERS
if lifestyle modifications are inadequate for achieving desired BP
reduction
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS an abnormal elevation of arterial
pressure, high blood pressure, silent killer
Prevalence of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS - increases with age
- greater in black than white populations
- lower in Hispanic populations
- lowest in Asian populations
- greater in men
Primary/ essential hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS undetermined
exact cause, 90% of cases
Secondary hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS high blood pressure
associated with an underlying condition, 10% of cases
Most common causes of secondary hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS
kidney disease, adrenal disorders, oral contraceptives, sleep apnea
Hypertension risk factors - CORRECT ANSWERS - age
- race
- reduced number of nephrons
- lifestyle (obesity, smoking, alcohol, salt intake)
- family history
Systolic blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS the pressure at the peak
of ventricular contraction
,Diastolic blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS total resting resistance
after passage of the pulsation force- produced by contraction of the left ventricle
Pulse pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS difference between systolic and
diastolic pressure
(systolic- diastolic = pulse pressure)
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) - CORRECT ANSWERS diastolic
pressure plus 1/3 pulse pressure
(Diastolic + 1/3PP)
Complications of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS - reduces life
span 10-20 years if untreated
- increases risk of complications- stroke or MI
- 20 mmHg systolic increase and 10 mmHg diastolic increase doubles risk for
death from ischemic heart disease and CVA
prolonged hypertension can cause - CORRECT ANSWERS - arterial
damage
- heart disease
- MI
- coronary insufficiency
- congestive heart failure
- renal failure
- CVA
- dementia
- encephalopathy
- blindness
,Early symptoms of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS - elevated BP
reading
- vision changes: narrowing of retinal arterioles
- occipital headache
- dizziness
- tinnitus
Advanced symptoms of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS - rupture,
hemorrhage retinal arterioles
- papilledema
- angina
- left ventricular hypertrophy: makes heart chamber smaller
- congestive heart failure
- proteinuria
- renal failure
- dementia
- encephalopathy
- CVA
Medical management of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS drug tx
for mild to moderate hypertension- effective in preventing complications
Goals of antihypertensive therapy - CORRECT ANSWERS - ideal to
achieve and maintain diastolic lower than 80 mmHg and systolic below 130
mmHg
- early tx/ intervention to avoid complications over time
, Normal blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS - systolic less than 120
and
- diastolic less than 80
Elevated blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS - systolic 120-129
and
- diastolic less than 80
Hypertension stage 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS - systolic 130-139
or
- diastolic 80-89
Hypertension stage 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS - systolic 140 or higher
or
- diastolic 90 or higher
Hypertensive crisis - CORRECT ANSWERS - systolic 180 or higher
and/ or
- diastolic higher than 120
How to diagnose hypertension - CORRECT ANSWERS when blood
pressure is consistently systolic 130 or higher and/or diastolic 80 or higher
When drug therapy for hypertension indicated - CORRECT ANSWERS
if lifestyle modifications are inadequate for achieving desired BP
reduction
