NHM 363 Final Exam questions well
answered 2025/2026
Adequate Intake (AI) - correct answer ✔✔is a nutrient recommendation based on observed or
experimentally determined approximation of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people when
sufficient scientific evidence is not available to calculate an RDA or EAR.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) - correct answer ✔✔presents the amount of nutrients
needed to meet the requirements of almost all (97%-98%) of the healthy population of
individuals for whom it was developed.
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - correct answer ✔✔is the average requirement of
nutrient for healthy individuals, a functional or clinical assessment has been conducted and
measures of adequacy have been determined.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) - correct answer ✔✔was established for many nutrients to
reduce the risk of adverse or toxic effects from consumption of nutrients in concentrated forms-
either alone or combined with others (not food)- or from enrichment and fortification.
According to the Atwater Equivalents, how many kcals are provided by one gram of: - correct
answer ✔✔Carbohydrate: 4
Protein: 4
Fat: 9
Alcohol: 7
Collecting 24-Hour Recall - correct answer ✔✔Multi-pass method is most accurate
1st pass = Quick List
,2nd pass = Get Details
Final pass = Forgotten foods and dietary supplements
Limitations of 24-hour Recalls - correct answer ✔✔Data entry and interviewing can be labor
intensive
• Relies on memory
• One recall may not capture habitual intake
• Underreporting/Over-reporting frequently occur
Dietary Guidelines for Americans - correct answer ✔✔Promoting adequacy of nutrient intake
Reducing risk of diet-related disease
BMI (body mass index) - correct answer ✔✔kg/m^2
Surrogate sources - correct answer ✔✔someone familiar with the respondent (parent, spouse,
child, etc.) who may assist the person with reporting dietary intake.
24 hour recall - correct answer ✔✔Retrospective. Collects information on everything eaten in
the previous 24-hour day (i.e. everything eaten yesterday)
diet history - correct answer ✔✔a detailed record of dietary intake obtainable from 24-hour
recalls, food frequency questionnaires, food diaries, and similar sources
Usual Daily Intake - correct answer ✔✔Interview pt about typical consumption habits on
average day
Useful tool for assessment of diet quality
Nitrogen balance - correct answer ✔✔nitrogen intake - nitrogen losses
,Nitrogen balance (g) = (protein intake in grams/6.25g nitrogen per g of pro) -
(UUN excretion in g + 4 g)
Evaluating nitrogen balance
- = catabolism
0 = catabolism
+ = anabolism
Nitrogen losses - correct answer ✔✔urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) + 4 grams
(Non-urea urinary nitrogen + fecal nitrogen + miscellaneous losses from skin, sweat)
Auscultation - correct answer ✔✔Use of a stethoscope to listen to body sounds
Heart, lungs, blood vessels, bowel sounds
Kwashiorkor - correct answer ✔✔protein deficiency
- inadequate protein intake with reasonable caloric (energy) intake
- characterized by edema
- Easily pluckable hair and skin problems
- most common between
the ages of 1 and 4 years
("sickness of weaning)
Marasmus - correct answer ✔✔Overall energy deficiency
-Plasma protein levels may be WNL
, -Skin and bone appearance
cachexia - correct answer ✔✔an emaciated condition associated with a
disease state
- Characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass
- Often has associated inflammation and increased resting metabolic rate, whereas simple
starvation is characterized by decreased metabolic rate.
Tachycardia - correct answer ✔✔> 100 bpm
Corkscrew hairs - correct answer ✔✔indicative of scurvy
(vitamin C deficiency)
hirsutism - correct answer ✔✔Common in Cushing's syndrome and PCOS
Usually due to elevated levels of androgens in women
(Abnormal hair growth)
Koilonychia - correct answer ✔✔spoonshaped concave nails
Occurs normally in children and usually resolves with aging
Other (nutrition) causes include the following:
- Iron deficiency
- Protein deficiency
Carotenodermia - correct answer ✔✔A benign side effect of high beta-carotene intake, a
condition characterized by yellowing of the skin.
answered 2025/2026
Adequate Intake (AI) - correct answer ✔✔is a nutrient recommendation based on observed or
experimentally determined approximation of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people when
sufficient scientific evidence is not available to calculate an RDA or EAR.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) - correct answer ✔✔presents the amount of nutrients
needed to meet the requirements of almost all (97%-98%) of the healthy population of
individuals for whom it was developed.
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - correct answer ✔✔is the average requirement of
nutrient for healthy individuals, a functional or clinical assessment has been conducted and
measures of adequacy have been determined.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) - correct answer ✔✔was established for many nutrients to
reduce the risk of adverse or toxic effects from consumption of nutrients in concentrated forms-
either alone or combined with others (not food)- or from enrichment and fortification.
According to the Atwater Equivalents, how many kcals are provided by one gram of: - correct
answer ✔✔Carbohydrate: 4
Protein: 4
Fat: 9
Alcohol: 7
Collecting 24-Hour Recall - correct answer ✔✔Multi-pass method is most accurate
1st pass = Quick List
,2nd pass = Get Details
Final pass = Forgotten foods and dietary supplements
Limitations of 24-hour Recalls - correct answer ✔✔Data entry and interviewing can be labor
intensive
• Relies on memory
• One recall may not capture habitual intake
• Underreporting/Over-reporting frequently occur
Dietary Guidelines for Americans - correct answer ✔✔Promoting adequacy of nutrient intake
Reducing risk of diet-related disease
BMI (body mass index) - correct answer ✔✔kg/m^2
Surrogate sources - correct answer ✔✔someone familiar with the respondent (parent, spouse,
child, etc.) who may assist the person with reporting dietary intake.
24 hour recall - correct answer ✔✔Retrospective. Collects information on everything eaten in
the previous 24-hour day (i.e. everything eaten yesterday)
diet history - correct answer ✔✔a detailed record of dietary intake obtainable from 24-hour
recalls, food frequency questionnaires, food diaries, and similar sources
Usual Daily Intake - correct answer ✔✔Interview pt about typical consumption habits on
average day
Useful tool for assessment of diet quality
Nitrogen balance - correct answer ✔✔nitrogen intake - nitrogen losses
,Nitrogen balance (g) = (protein intake in grams/6.25g nitrogen per g of pro) -
(UUN excretion in g + 4 g)
Evaluating nitrogen balance
- = catabolism
0 = catabolism
+ = anabolism
Nitrogen losses - correct answer ✔✔urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) + 4 grams
(Non-urea urinary nitrogen + fecal nitrogen + miscellaneous losses from skin, sweat)
Auscultation - correct answer ✔✔Use of a stethoscope to listen to body sounds
Heart, lungs, blood vessels, bowel sounds
Kwashiorkor - correct answer ✔✔protein deficiency
- inadequate protein intake with reasonable caloric (energy) intake
- characterized by edema
- Easily pluckable hair and skin problems
- most common between
the ages of 1 and 4 years
("sickness of weaning)
Marasmus - correct answer ✔✔Overall energy deficiency
-Plasma protein levels may be WNL
, -Skin and bone appearance
cachexia - correct answer ✔✔an emaciated condition associated with a
disease state
- Characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass
- Often has associated inflammation and increased resting metabolic rate, whereas simple
starvation is characterized by decreased metabolic rate.
Tachycardia - correct answer ✔✔> 100 bpm
Corkscrew hairs - correct answer ✔✔indicative of scurvy
(vitamin C deficiency)
hirsutism - correct answer ✔✔Common in Cushing's syndrome and PCOS
Usually due to elevated levels of androgens in women
(Abnormal hair growth)
Koilonychia - correct answer ✔✔spoonshaped concave nails
Occurs normally in children and usually resolves with aging
Other (nutrition) causes include the following:
- Iron deficiency
- Protein deficiency
Carotenodermia - correct answer ✔✔A benign side effect of high beta-carotene intake, a
condition characterized by yellowing of the skin.
