NHM 365 Final exam questions n
answers rated A+ 2025/2026
CHO metabolism in the liver - correct answer ✔✔glycogenesis
glycogenolysis
Liver storage - correct answer ✔✔stores glycogen
fat-soluble vitamins
Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, B12
CHO Synthesis in the liver - correct answer ✔✔gluconeogenesis (from lactic acid, glycogenic AA,
TCA intermediates)
Protein metabolism in the liver - correct answer ✔✔transamination
oxidative deamination
Protein Synthesis in the liver - correct answer ✔✔non-essential AA
Vital plasma proteins- albumin, transferrin, RBP, fibrinogen
where is albumin made - correct answer ✔✔liver
Jaundice
what is it?
what does it indicate?
caused by high levels of what? - correct answer ✔✔yellow staining of skin and whites of eyes
,caused by high levels of bilirubin
indicates liver/gall bladder disease
Lipid metabolism in liver - correct answer ✔✔Beta oxiation
ketone bodies
TG, phospholipids, cholesterol synthesis
Betacarotene --> active A
Vita D --> active D
6 liver function tests - correct answer ✔✔ALT
AST
ALP
Blirubin
Albumin
Prothrombin TIme/INR
ALT and AST - correct answer ✔✔enzymes involved in hepatic amino acid metabolism
elevated levels indicate liver damage
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) - correct answer ✔✔enzyme present in liver, bile ducts, bone
elevated blood levels indicate liver damage or blocked duct
Bilirubin - correct answer ✔✔made from breakdown of RBC
passed on to liver where excreted in bile
Albumin - correct answer ✔✔most abundant plasma protein
, made in liver
lower levels indicate liver damage
lower levels lead to ascites
PT/INR - correct answer ✔✔Prothrombin is a coagulation factor made in liver
measure how long for blood to clot
if low clotting time, hepatic problem
Causes of Hepatitis - correct answer ✔✔toxins/drugs- alcohol, acetaminophen
infections- viral hep, mumps, herpes
autoimmune process
Acute vs chronic hepatitis - correct answer ✔✔acute: <6 mo
Chronic >6 mo
may lead to ESLD and liver failure
Hepatitis A viral (HAV) - correct answer ✔✔caused by fecal-oral route
acute, recovery likely
Hepatitis B (HBC) and hepatitis C (HCV) - correct answer ✔✔caused by blood-borne pathogens
chronic hepatitis
Hep D - correct answer ✔✔only in patients with Hep B
chronic
Hep E - correct answer ✔✔fecal-oral route
answers rated A+ 2025/2026
CHO metabolism in the liver - correct answer ✔✔glycogenesis
glycogenolysis
Liver storage - correct answer ✔✔stores glycogen
fat-soluble vitamins
Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, B12
CHO Synthesis in the liver - correct answer ✔✔gluconeogenesis (from lactic acid, glycogenic AA,
TCA intermediates)
Protein metabolism in the liver - correct answer ✔✔transamination
oxidative deamination
Protein Synthesis in the liver - correct answer ✔✔non-essential AA
Vital plasma proteins- albumin, transferrin, RBP, fibrinogen
where is albumin made - correct answer ✔✔liver
Jaundice
what is it?
what does it indicate?
caused by high levels of what? - correct answer ✔✔yellow staining of skin and whites of eyes
,caused by high levels of bilirubin
indicates liver/gall bladder disease
Lipid metabolism in liver - correct answer ✔✔Beta oxiation
ketone bodies
TG, phospholipids, cholesterol synthesis
Betacarotene --> active A
Vita D --> active D
6 liver function tests - correct answer ✔✔ALT
AST
ALP
Blirubin
Albumin
Prothrombin TIme/INR
ALT and AST - correct answer ✔✔enzymes involved in hepatic amino acid metabolism
elevated levels indicate liver damage
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) - correct answer ✔✔enzyme present in liver, bile ducts, bone
elevated blood levels indicate liver damage or blocked duct
Bilirubin - correct answer ✔✔made from breakdown of RBC
passed on to liver where excreted in bile
Albumin - correct answer ✔✔most abundant plasma protein
, made in liver
lower levels indicate liver damage
lower levels lead to ascites
PT/INR - correct answer ✔✔Prothrombin is a coagulation factor made in liver
measure how long for blood to clot
if low clotting time, hepatic problem
Causes of Hepatitis - correct answer ✔✔toxins/drugs- alcohol, acetaminophen
infections- viral hep, mumps, herpes
autoimmune process
Acute vs chronic hepatitis - correct answer ✔✔acute: <6 mo
Chronic >6 mo
may lead to ESLD and liver failure
Hepatitis A viral (HAV) - correct answer ✔✔caused by fecal-oral route
acute, recovery likely
Hepatitis B (HBC) and hepatitis C (HCV) - correct answer ✔✔caused by blood-borne pathogens
chronic hepatitis
Hep D - correct answer ✔✔only in patients with Hep B
chronic
Hep E - correct answer ✔✔fecal-oral route
