NHM 465 - Exam 4 questions with
100% correct answers graded A+
2025/2026
What are the two major functions of the pulmonary system? - correct answer ✔✔1. Gas
exchange via capillaries at the alveoli
2. Regulate acid-base balance
(Take in O2, remove CO2 that's produced as metabolic byproduct)
When do we stop producing new alveoli? When is full maturation of the pulmonary system? -
correct answer ✔✔Age 10-12 years
Full maturation is 20 for females and 25 for males.
How does normal aging affect the pulmonary system? - correct answer ✔✔Yields reduced blood
supply to the lungs, resulting in decreased lung elasticity
Where and how does gas exchange occur? - correct answer ✔✔Alveolus are heavily
encapsulated in networks of capillaries that allow for gas exchange.
What is percussion and auscultation? What does it detect? - correct answer ✔✔- Listens for
crackles, wheezes, etc.
- Helps detect pleural effusions, atelectasis, airway obstruction
What are the two pulmonary function tests? - correct answer ✔✔1. Pulse oximeter (O2
saturation)
2. ABGs
,What are 4 ways to measure ventilatory function? - correct answer ✔✔1. Volume, flow, capacity
via spirometry
2. Tidal volume (VT)
3. Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)
4. Minute ventilation
Tidal volume - correct answer ✔✔Air inspired and expired during a normal breath
FEV1 - correct answer ✔✔Volume of air forcibly expired in 1 second (used in dx of COPD)
Minute Ventilation - correct answer ✔✔Volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute
Tidal Volume (L) x Respiratory Rate (min)
What ventilatory function test can you use to help diagnose COPD? - correct answer ✔✔FEV1
What are three examples of acute pulmonary diseases? - correct answer ✔✔1. Aspiration
pneumonia
2. Bronchitis
3. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
What are four examples of chronic pulmonary diseases? - correct answer ✔✔1. COPD
2. Asthma
3. Cystic fibrosis
4. Lung cancer
,Dyspnea - correct answer ✔✔Difficulty breathing, air hunger
Tachypnea - correct answer ✔✔Abnormally rapid respirations
Hypercapnia - correct answer ✔✔Greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
Hemoptysis - correct answer ✔✔Expectoration of blood
Cyanosis - correct answer ✔✔Blue/purple tint to skin and oral mucosa due to poor oxygenation
Clubbing - correct answer ✔✔Changes to the nail base due to cardiopulmonary disease
What is the term for difficulty breathing? - correct answer ✔✔Dysnpea
What is the term for abnormally rapid respirations? - correct answer ✔✔Tachypnea
What is the term for greater than normal amounts of CO2 in the blood? - correct answer
✔✔Hypercapnia (or hypercarbia)
What is the term for expectoration of blood? - correct answer ✔✔Hemoptysis
What is the term for blue/purple tint to the skin and oral mucosa due to poor oxygenation? -
correct answer ✔✔Cyanosis
What is the term for changes to the nail base due to cardiopulmonary disease? - correct answer
✔✔Clubbing
, What's the relationship between nutrition and lung function? - correct answer
✔✔Interdependent
Poor nutrition will worsen lung function and poor lung function worsens nutrition status.
What 7 ways could pulmonary disease affect nutrition? - correct answer ✔✔1. Increased energy
expenditure (increased work of breathing / infection)
2. Protein catabolism
3. Cachexia, anorexia, weight loss
4. Fluid restrictions
5. Shortness of breath (decreased O2 sat when eating)
6. GI distress due to hypoxia
7. Placement of an ET tube for mechanical ventilation (NPO)
What 4 ways does malnutrition affect lung function? - correct answer ✔✔1. Decreased
respiratory muscle mass, strength, and endurance
2. Altered ventilation
3. Increased risk of infection
4. Decreased surfactant production
How does decreased surfactant production affect lung function? - correct answer ✔✔Decreased
surfactant
= Collapsed alveoli
= More work to breath
What likely causes the protein catabolism, cachexia, and anorexia seen in pulmonary disease? -
correct answer ✔✔Increased cytokines resulting in inflammation
100% correct answers graded A+
2025/2026
What are the two major functions of the pulmonary system? - correct answer ✔✔1. Gas
exchange via capillaries at the alveoli
2. Regulate acid-base balance
(Take in O2, remove CO2 that's produced as metabolic byproduct)
When do we stop producing new alveoli? When is full maturation of the pulmonary system? -
correct answer ✔✔Age 10-12 years
Full maturation is 20 for females and 25 for males.
How does normal aging affect the pulmonary system? - correct answer ✔✔Yields reduced blood
supply to the lungs, resulting in decreased lung elasticity
Where and how does gas exchange occur? - correct answer ✔✔Alveolus are heavily
encapsulated in networks of capillaries that allow for gas exchange.
What is percussion and auscultation? What does it detect? - correct answer ✔✔- Listens for
crackles, wheezes, etc.
- Helps detect pleural effusions, atelectasis, airway obstruction
What are the two pulmonary function tests? - correct answer ✔✔1. Pulse oximeter (O2
saturation)
2. ABGs
,What are 4 ways to measure ventilatory function? - correct answer ✔✔1. Volume, flow, capacity
via spirometry
2. Tidal volume (VT)
3. Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)
4. Minute ventilation
Tidal volume - correct answer ✔✔Air inspired and expired during a normal breath
FEV1 - correct answer ✔✔Volume of air forcibly expired in 1 second (used in dx of COPD)
Minute Ventilation - correct answer ✔✔Volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute
Tidal Volume (L) x Respiratory Rate (min)
What ventilatory function test can you use to help diagnose COPD? - correct answer ✔✔FEV1
What are three examples of acute pulmonary diseases? - correct answer ✔✔1. Aspiration
pneumonia
2. Bronchitis
3. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
What are four examples of chronic pulmonary diseases? - correct answer ✔✔1. COPD
2. Asthma
3. Cystic fibrosis
4. Lung cancer
,Dyspnea - correct answer ✔✔Difficulty breathing, air hunger
Tachypnea - correct answer ✔✔Abnormally rapid respirations
Hypercapnia - correct answer ✔✔Greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
Hemoptysis - correct answer ✔✔Expectoration of blood
Cyanosis - correct answer ✔✔Blue/purple tint to skin and oral mucosa due to poor oxygenation
Clubbing - correct answer ✔✔Changes to the nail base due to cardiopulmonary disease
What is the term for difficulty breathing? - correct answer ✔✔Dysnpea
What is the term for abnormally rapid respirations? - correct answer ✔✔Tachypnea
What is the term for greater than normal amounts of CO2 in the blood? - correct answer
✔✔Hypercapnia (or hypercarbia)
What is the term for expectoration of blood? - correct answer ✔✔Hemoptysis
What is the term for blue/purple tint to the skin and oral mucosa due to poor oxygenation? -
correct answer ✔✔Cyanosis
What is the term for changes to the nail base due to cardiopulmonary disease? - correct answer
✔✔Clubbing
, What's the relationship between nutrition and lung function? - correct answer
✔✔Interdependent
Poor nutrition will worsen lung function and poor lung function worsens nutrition status.
What 7 ways could pulmonary disease affect nutrition? - correct answer ✔✔1. Increased energy
expenditure (increased work of breathing / infection)
2. Protein catabolism
3. Cachexia, anorexia, weight loss
4. Fluid restrictions
5. Shortness of breath (decreased O2 sat when eating)
6. GI distress due to hypoxia
7. Placement of an ET tube for mechanical ventilation (NPO)
What 4 ways does malnutrition affect lung function? - correct answer ✔✔1. Decreased
respiratory muscle mass, strength, and endurance
2. Altered ventilation
3. Increased risk of infection
4. Decreased surfactant production
How does decreased surfactant production affect lung function? - correct answer ✔✔Decreased
surfactant
= Collapsed alveoli
= More work to breath
What likely causes the protein catabolism, cachexia, and anorexia seen in pulmonary disease? -
correct answer ✔✔Increased cytokines resulting in inflammation
