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Nr507- Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exam
Schizophrenia Diagnosis: - correct-answer -Advanced neuroimaging techniques
have revealed structural brain abnormalities
A consistent finding is the enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles and the
widening of frontocortical fissures and sulci.
Schizophrenia Positive symptoms - correct-answer -("More" symptoms):
Hallucinations
Delusions
Formal thought disorder
Bizarre behavior
Schizophrenia Negative symptoms - correct-answer -Flattened affect
Alogia
Anhedonia
Attention deficits
Apathy
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Schizophrenia Cognitive symptoms: - correct-answer -Inability to perform daily
tasks requiring attention and planning
Hypothyroidism - correct-answer -Most common thyroid function disorder
Affects between 0.1% and 2% of the U.S. population
More common in women and elderly
Hormone replacement therapy with the hormone levothyroxine is the treatment
of choice
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - correct-answer -TSH released by anterior
pituitary
Review hypothalamic-pituitary axis (Picture)
Thyroid-releasing hormone (hypothalamus)
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Hyperthyroidism/ Grave's Disease - correct-answer -Two most distinguishing
factors of Grave's disease = pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos
Treatment directed at controlling excessive TH production, secretion or action and
includes antithyroid drug therapy (methimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive
iodine therapy (absorbed only by thyroid tissue, causing death of cells), and
surgery
Goal of radioactive iodine ablation for the treatment of Grave's disease is to
destroy overactive thyroid tissue
Two categories of ophthalmopathy associated with Grave's Disease: - correct-
answer -Functional Abnormalities: resulting from hyperactivity of the sympathetic
division of the autonomic nervous system (lag of the globe on upward gaze or a
lag of the upper lid on downward gaze)
Infiltrative Changes: involving the orbital contents with enlargement of the ocular
muscles. These changes affect more than half of individuals with Grave's Disease.
Increased secretion of hyaluronic acid, adipogenesis, inflammation and edema of
the orbital contents results in exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball),
periorbital edema and extraocular muscle weakness leading to strabismus and
diplopia (double vision)
Hyperparathyroidism - correct-answer -Characterized by stimulation of
parathyroid gland in response to hypocalcemia
Nr507- Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exam
Schizophrenia Diagnosis: - correct-answer -Advanced neuroimaging techniques
have revealed structural brain abnormalities
A consistent finding is the enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles and the
widening of frontocortical fissures and sulci.
Schizophrenia Positive symptoms - correct-answer -("More" symptoms):
Hallucinations
Delusions
Formal thought disorder
Bizarre behavior
Schizophrenia Negative symptoms - correct-answer -Flattened affect
Alogia
Anhedonia
Attention deficits
Apathy
,2|Page
Schizophrenia Cognitive symptoms: - correct-answer -Inability to perform daily
tasks requiring attention and planning
Hypothyroidism - correct-answer -Most common thyroid function disorder
Affects between 0.1% and 2% of the U.S. population
More common in women and elderly
Hormone replacement therapy with the hormone levothyroxine is the treatment
of choice
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - correct-answer -TSH released by anterior
pituitary
Review hypothalamic-pituitary axis (Picture)
Thyroid-releasing hormone (hypothalamus)
, 3|Page
Hyperthyroidism/ Grave's Disease - correct-answer -Two most distinguishing
factors of Grave's disease = pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos
Treatment directed at controlling excessive TH production, secretion or action and
includes antithyroid drug therapy (methimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive
iodine therapy (absorbed only by thyroid tissue, causing death of cells), and
surgery
Goal of radioactive iodine ablation for the treatment of Grave's disease is to
destroy overactive thyroid tissue
Two categories of ophthalmopathy associated with Grave's Disease: - correct-
answer -Functional Abnormalities: resulting from hyperactivity of the sympathetic
division of the autonomic nervous system (lag of the globe on upward gaze or a
lag of the upper lid on downward gaze)
Infiltrative Changes: involving the orbital contents with enlargement of the ocular
muscles. These changes affect more than half of individuals with Grave's Disease.
Increased secretion of hyaluronic acid, adipogenesis, inflammation and edema of
the orbital contents results in exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball),
periorbital edema and extraocular muscle weakness leading to strabismus and
diplopia (double vision)
Hyperparathyroidism - correct-answer -Characterized by stimulation of
parathyroid gland in response to hypocalcemia
