Answer Guidelines for Questions
for Additional Study Statistics for
Nursing Research A Workbook for
Evidence-Based Practice 4th
Edition By Susan Grove, Daisha
Cipher (All Exercises 1-38, 100%
Original Verified, A+ Grade)
This is The Only Original and
Complete Exercises Answers for
11th Edition, All Other Files in the
Market are Fake/Old/Wrong
Edition.
,Answer Guidelines for Questions for Additional Study
Identifying Levels of Exercise
EXERCISE
1
1
Measurement: Nominal,
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
1. In Table 1.2 of the Ha et al. (2018) study, identify the level of measurement for the cur-
rent therapy variable. Provide a rationale for your answer and discuss if the categories
of current therapy were exclusive and exhaustive.
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug cat-
egories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories
of drugs the study participants were receiving. However, the categories were not developed
to be exclusive because many of the patients were taking more than one of these drugs to
manage their health problems. The current drug therapies are measured at the nominal
level because the categories cannot be ranked with one category being considered more or
less beneficial than another category (see Fig. 1.1; Grove & Gray, 2023).
2. Identify the mode for the current therapy variable. What is the meaning of these results?
Answer: The mode for current therapy was beta (b) blocker. The mode is the most frequently
occurring category of a variable (Grove & Gray, 2023). A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac
patients were receiving this category of drug, which was the most commonly prescribed drug
for this sample.
3. What is the level of measurement for the demographic variable duration of HF?
Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: The duration of HF in this sample was measured in years, resulting in ratio-level
data. Each year includes the same equal intervals of 12 months or 365 days. Duration of
HF has an absolute zero, because zero indicates the absence of HF for a person. Duration
of HF might also be called a continuous variable because it has a continuum of values
(see Table 1.1; Gray & Grove, 2021).
4. What statistics were conducted to describe the body mass index (BMI) of the cardiac
patients in this sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or
inappropriate.
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement
resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier,
2017). Ratio-level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics, such as mean and SD
to describe BMI (Grove & Gray, 2023; Knapp, 2017).
1
,2 EXERCISE 1 • Identifying Levels of Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
5. How many cardiac patients participated in the Ha et al. (2018) study? Determine the
frequency and percentage of those patients who did not have a pacemaker. Round your
answer to the nearest whole percent (%).
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included
16 patients with a pacemaker (see Table 1.2). The number of cardiac patients without a
pacemaker was 90 (106 2 16 5 90). The group percent is calculated by the following for-
mula: (group frequency 4 total sample size) 3 100%. For this study, (90 patients 4 106
sample size) 3 100% 5 0.849 3 100% 5 84.9% 5 85%. The final answer is rounded to the
nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 15%
of patients with pacemakers from 100% and identified that 85% did not have pacemakers.
6. What is the level of measurement for the NYHA class variable? Provide a rationale for
your answer.
Answer: The level of measurement for the NYHA class variable was ordinal. The NYHA
class was measured with categories that are exclusive, exhaustive, and can be rank ordered
(see Fig. 1.1). The categories were exhaustive, because most of the cardiac patients (n 5 104)
fit into NYHA classes of I, II, or III and the two other patients fit into the open category “not
specified.” The categories were exclusive because each patient with HF fits into only one
category. The NYHA classes can be ranked because class I includes cardiac patients with the
least severe heart disease and class III includes those with the most severe heart disease
(Gray & Grove, 2021; Waltz et al., 2017).
7. What level of measurement is the Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS) score? Provide a ra-
tionale for your answer.
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Lik-
ert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated
their symptoms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in
the depression symptoms. The total score for each participant obtained from this multi-
item scale is considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray & Grove, 2021;
Waltz et al., 2017).
8. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical impor-
tance of this result.
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the study participants were depressed,
whereas 11% were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus as the NYHA class increased, the
number of participants with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as
the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which
usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess car-
diac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they might be
diagnosed and adequately treated.
, Identifying Levels of Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio • EXERCISE 1 3
9. What frequency and percentage of cardiac patients in the Ha et al. (2018) study were
not being treated with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your an-
swer to the nearest whole percent (%).
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included
15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1.2). The number of cardiac
patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 215 5 91). The group percent is calculated
by the following formula: (group frequency 4 total sample size) 3 100%. For this study,
(91 patients 4 106 sample size) 3 100% 5 0.858 3 100% 5 85.8% 5 86%. The final an-
swer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have
also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained
the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
10. Jafri and colleagues (2022) conducted a study to examine the cardiovascular outcomes
of patients who were referred to a home-based cardiac rehabilitation program. Depres-
sion was measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) with the pre-reha-
bilitation score being 6 and the postscore was 5 (p , 0.01). What implications do these
results have for clinical practice?
Answer: Participants in the cardiac rehabilitation program experienced a significant im-
provement in their depression scores. The positive outcomes from this study support car-
diac patients completing a rehabilitation program. In addition, nurses need to assess and
manage depression in cardiovascular patients.
for Additional Study Statistics for
Nursing Research A Workbook for
Evidence-Based Practice 4th
Edition By Susan Grove, Daisha
Cipher (All Exercises 1-38, 100%
Original Verified, A+ Grade)
This is The Only Original and
Complete Exercises Answers for
11th Edition, All Other Files in the
Market are Fake/Old/Wrong
Edition.
,Answer Guidelines for Questions for Additional Study
Identifying Levels of Exercise
EXERCISE
1
1
Measurement: Nominal,
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
1. In Table 1.2 of the Ha et al. (2018) study, identify the level of measurement for the cur-
rent therapy variable. Provide a rationale for your answer and discuss if the categories
of current therapy were exclusive and exhaustive.
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug cat-
egories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories
of drugs the study participants were receiving. However, the categories were not developed
to be exclusive because many of the patients were taking more than one of these drugs to
manage their health problems. The current drug therapies are measured at the nominal
level because the categories cannot be ranked with one category being considered more or
less beneficial than another category (see Fig. 1.1; Grove & Gray, 2023).
2. Identify the mode for the current therapy variable. What is the meaning of these results?
Answer: The mode for current therapy was beta (b) blocker. The mode is the most frequently
occurring category of a variable (Grove & Gray, 2023). A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac
patients were receiving this category of drug, which was the most commonly prescribed drug
for this sample.
3. What is the level of measurement for the demographic variable duration of HF?
Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: The duration of HF in this sample was measured in years, resulting in ratio-level
data. Each year includes the same equal intervals of 12 months or 365 days. Duration of
HF has an absolute zero, because zero indicates the absence of HF for a person. Duration
of HF might also be called a continuous variable because it has a continuum of values
(see Table 1.1; Gray & Grove, 2021).
4. What statistics were conducted to describe the body mass index (BMI) of the cardiac
patients in this sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or
inappropriate.
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement
resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier,
2017). Ratio-level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics, such as mean and SD
to describe BMI (Grove & Gray, 2023; Knapp, 2017).
1
,2 EXERCISE 1 • Identifying Levels of Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
5. How many cardiac patients participated in the Ha et al. (2018) study? Determine the
frequency and percentage of those patients who did not have a pacemaker. Round your
answer to the nearest whole percent (%).
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included
16 patients with a pacemaker (see Table 1.2). The number of cardiac patients without a
pacemaker was 90 (106 2 16 5 90). The group percent is calculated by the following for-
mula: (group frequency 4 total sample size) 3 100%. For this study, (90 patients 4 106
sample size) 3 100% 5 0.849 3 100% 5 84.9% 5 85%. The final answer is rounded to the
nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 15%
of patients with pacemakers from 100% and identified that 85% did not have pacemakers.
6. What is the level of measurement for the NYHA class variable? Provide a rationale for
your answer.
Answer: The level of measurement for the NYHA class variable was ordinal. The NYHA
class was measured with categories that are exclusive, exhaustive, and can be rank ordered
(see Fig. 1.1). The categories were exhaustive, because most of the cardiac patients (n 5 104)
fit into NYHA classes of I, II, or III and the two other patients fit into the open category “not
specified.” The categories were exclusive because each patient with HF fits into only one
category. The NYHA classes can be ranked because class I includes cardiac patients with the
least severe heart disease and class III includes those with the most severe heart disease
(Gray & Grove, 2021; Waltz et al., 2017).
7. What level of measurement is the Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS) score? Provide a ra-
tionale for your answer.
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Lik-
ert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated
their symptoms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in
the depression symptoms. The total score for each participant obtained from this multi-
item scale is considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray & Grove, 2021;
Waltz et al., 2017).
8. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical impor-
tance of this result.
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the study participants were depressed,
whereas 11% were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus as the NYHA class increased, the
number of participants with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as
the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which
usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess car-
diac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they might be
diagnosed and adequately treated.
, Identifying Levels of Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio • EXERCISE 1 3
9. What frequency and percentage of cardiac patients in the Ha et al. (2018) study were
not being treated with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your an-
swer to the nearest whole percent (%).
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included
15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1.2). The number of cardiac
patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 215 5 91). The group percent is calculated
by the following formula: (group frequency 4 total sample size) 3 100%. For this study,
(91 patients 4 106 sample size) 3 100% 5 0.858 3 100% 5 85.8% 5 86%. The final an-
swer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have
also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained
the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
10. Jafri and colleagues (2022) conducted a study to examine the cardiovascular outcomes
of patients who were referred to a home-based cardiac rehabilitation program. Depres-
sion was measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) with the pre-reha-
bilitation score being 6 and the postscore was 5 (p , 0.01). What implications do these
results have for clinical practice?
Answer: Participants in the cardiac rehabilitation program experienced a significant im-
provement in their depression scores. The positive outcomes from this study support car-
diac patients completing a rehabilitation program. In addition, nurses need to assess and
manage depression in cardiovascular patients.
