Bio 235 Midterm 1 Exam
Study Guide Comprehensive Exam Study
Guide 100% Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
metabolism - anssum of al chemical processes
catabolism - ansthat break down molecules, releasing energy.
anabolism - ansthe process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
3 things that effect growth in the body size - ans1. increase in the size of existing cells
2.increase in the number of cells
3.increase in the size of material between the cells
differentiation - ansunspecialized cells becomes specialized
reproduction is the formation of new cells for? (2) - ans1. tissue growth, repair or
replacement
2. production of a new individual
fluid within the cells - ansintracellular fluid
fluid outside the cells - ansextracellular fluid
ECF that fills narrow space between cells of tissues - ansinterstitial fluid
what is the monitored variable called in a feedback loop - anscontrolled condition
what is the stimulus - ansany disruption that changes a controlled condition
what's the receptor - ansbody structure monitoring the changes of a controlled condition and
sends inputs
what is an afferent pathway-input - ansflows towards the control center (nerve impulse or
chemical signal)
what is the control center - anssets the range of values within which a controlled condition
should be maintained; evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output
commands when they are needed
efferent pathway - ansflow away from control center to effector
effector - ansbody structure receiving output and brings about change and produces a
response that alters the controlled condition
negative feedback system - ansreverses a change in a controlled condition
positive feedback loop - ansstrengthens or reinforces a change in the controlled condition
until its interrupted-effector produces a response that reinforces the initial change-child birth
disorder - ansabnormality of a structure or function
disease - ansillness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
symptom - anssubjective changes not visible to the observer
sign - ansobjective changes visible to the observer (doctor)
prone - ansbody is lying face down
supine - ansbody is lying face up
ipsilateral - anssame side
contralateral - ansdifferent sides
superficial - anstowards the surface of the skin
deep - ansaway from surface of the skin
sagittal plane - ansdivides the body into left and right
Midsagittal (median) plane - ansdivides into equal left and right sides
parasagittal plane - ansunequal sides left and right
,Bio 235 Midterm 1 Exam
Study Guide Comprehensive Exam Study
Guide 100% Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
fronta (coronal plane) - ansdivides front and back (anterior/posterior)
transverse plane - anssuperior and inferior top and bottom (horizontal plane cross-sectional)
oblique plane - ansanything but 90 degrees
cranial cavity - anscontains head
Vertebral (spine) cavity - anscontains spinal cord and vertebral column-continuous of the
cranial cavity
Meninges - anslayers of protective tissue surround the brain and spinal cord
thoracic cavity - anschest, ribs, sternum muscles of the chest and a thoracic portion of the
vertebral column
pericardial cavity - anssurrounds the heart
pleura cavity - anssurrounds lungs
visceral layer of cavity - ansinner layer
parietal layer of cavity - ansouter layer
mediastinum cavity - ansbetween the lugs extending from the sternum to the vertebral
column and first rib down to the diaphragm-heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and BV's but
not the lungs
diaphragm - ansdome muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic
cavity
abdominopelvic cavity - ansfrom the diaphragm to the groin
abdominal cavity-stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine
pelvic cavity-urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, and internal organs of the
reproductive system
viscera - ansorgans inside thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
major elements of body mass - ansnitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
lesser elements 8 - ansCalcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine,
Magnesium, Iron
what are the three subatomic particles - ansneutrons, protons, electrons
nucleus - anscore of an atom
proton - anspositively charged (in nucleus)
neutron - ansneutral no charge (in nucleus)
electrons - ansnegatively charged in a cloud around the nucleus
number of protons =? - ansnumber of electrons
atomic number is what - ansnumber of protons/electrons
mass number - anssum of protons and neutrons
isotopes - ansAtoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) - ansAn isotope of an atom that spontaneously emits one
or more types of radioactivity into stable configuration
half-life - ansthe time it takes radioactive isotope to decay into half
atomic mass/weight - ansaverage of the natural occurring isotopes
ion - anshas a positive or negative charge because it has unequal number of protons and
electrons
,Bio 235 Midterm 1 Exam
Study Guide Comprehensive Exam Study
Guide 100% Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
ionization - ansthe process of giving up or gaining an electron to become stable
molecule - answhen two or more atoms share an electron
compound - anssubstance made up of two or more different elements
free radicals - ansatoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell making it unstable-
become stable by gaining or losing from another element (this breaks apart important
elements) UV rays, x-rays
ionic bond - ansforce of attraction between oppositely charged ions
cation - anspositively charged ion-loses an electron
anion - ansnegatively charged ion-gains an electron
electrolyte - ansan ionic compound that breaks apart into positive or negative ions in a
solution
covalent bond - anstwo more more atoms share electrons
non-polar - ansequal sharing of electrons
polar - anssharing of electrons is unequal
electronegativity - anspower to attract electrons to itself
hydrogen bond - ansforms when hydrogen bonds to N,O,F
surface tension - ansa measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a
liquid
activation energy - anscollision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants so
a reaction can start
catalysts-what kind are the most important - anschemicals that speed up reactions by
lowering the activation energy needed-enzymes are most important
synthesis reaction - ansis anabolism and endergonic A+B=AB
decomposition reaction - anscatabolism and exergonic AB=A + B
Exchange reactions - ansboth decomposition and synthesis
reversible reactions - ansproducts can reverse to original reactants
oxidation-reduction reactions are always what? - ansparallel- when one is oxidized the other
is reduced
oxidation - ansthe loss of electrons relaxing energy
reduction - ansthe gain of electrons gaining energy
solvent, solution and solute - ansthe solvent dissolves solute in the solution
hydrophilic - ansdissolves easily in water (polar)
hydrophobic - ansnot very water soluble (non-polar)
hydrolysis - ansdecomposition, break down with the addition of water
dehydration synthesis - ansthe build of molecules-and water is formed as a product (taken
out)
high heat capacity - answater- changing from liquid to gas takes a large amount of energy
with minimal change to own temperature
acid - ansa substance that dissociates into one or more H atoms and anions
base - ansremoves H from a solution (OH-) hydroxide
, Bio 235 Midterm 1 Exam
Study Guide Comprehensive Exam Study
Guide 100% Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
which is a proton donor and which is a proton acceptor - ansacids are proton donors and
bases are proton acceptors
salt - ansdissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions
acidic solutions pH - ansH is greater than OH and ph is less than 7
basic solutions pH - ansOH is greater than H and ph is greater than 7
buffer systems - ansconvert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
acidoses - ansblood ph falls below ph of 7.35
alkalosis - ansblood ph rises above ph of 7.45
carbonic acid buffer system - ansadds or removes H+ compensating for either excess or
shortage of H
monomers - ansdehydration joins the two monomers (hydrogen and hydroxide removed to
form water)-connecting monomers form polymers
isomers - anshave the same formula but different structures
carbohydrates are made up of? - anssugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose
monosaccharide - ansa simple sugar containing 3-7 carbon atoms ending in "ose"
disaccharide - anssimple sugar formed from a combo of two monosaccharides
polysaccharide - anscontains 10-1000s of monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis-
startches and cellulose
glycogen - ansa polysaccharide made entirely of glucose monomers- they are carbs stored as
glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles
starches - anspolysaccharide formed from glucose in plants in plants and can be broken down
cellulose - anspolysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that can't be digested by
humans-forms stool
lipids - ansare mostly non polar and hydrophobic
lipoprotein - anslipid molecules join with hydrophobic protein molecules to help them
become soluble
fatty acids - ansused to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids- can catabolize to generate
ATP
saturated bonds - anssingle bonds between C and H
unsaturated bonds - ansdouble bonds (produce kink) between C and H
triglycerides - ansfats and oils made of a single glycerol and three fatty acids
glycerol - ans3 carbon chain forming the backbone of triglycerides with one fatty acid
attached to each carbon
phospholipids - anshave a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid chains (tails-non polar)
attached to them and a phosphate group at the 3rd carbon (head-polar)
steroid - ans4 rings of carbon and are polar with an OH group and hydrocarbon tail-
cholesterol
eicosanoids and two substances it contains - anslipids derived from a 20 carbon fatty acid
called arachidonic acid containing
a. prostaglandis
b. leukotrienes-allergy and inflammation response
Study Guide Comprehensive Exam Study
Guide 100% Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
metabolism - anssum of al chemical processes
catabolism - ansthat break down molecules, releasing energy.
anabolism - ansthe process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
3 things that effect growth in the body size - ans1. increase in the size of existing cells
2.increase in the number of cells
3.increase in the size of material between the cells
differentiation - ansunspecialized cells becomes specialized
reproduction is the formation of new cells for? (2) - ans1. tissue growth, repair or
replacement
2. production of a new individual
fluid within the cells - ansintracellular fluid
fluid outside the cells - ansextracellular fluid
ECF that fills narrow space between cells of tissues - ansinterstitial fluid
what is the monitored variable called in a feedback loop - anscontrolled condition
what is the stimulus - ansany disruption that changes a controlled condition
what's the receptor - ansbody structure monitoring the changes of a controlled condition and
sends inputs
what is an afferent pathway-input - ansflows towards the control center (nerve impulse or
chemical signal)
what is the control center - anssets the range of values within which a controlled condition
should be maintained; evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output
commands when they are needed
efferent pathway - ansflow away from control center to effector
effector - ansbody structure receiving output and brings about change and produces a
response that alters the controlled condition
negative feedback system - ansreverses a change in a controlled condition
positive feedback loop - ansstrengthens or reinforces a change in the controlled condition
until its interrupted-effector produces a response that reinforces the initial change-child birth
disorder - ansabnormality of a structure or function
disease - ansillness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
symptom - anssubjective changes not visible to the observer
sign - ansobjective changes visible to the observer (doctor)
prone - ansbody is lying face down
supine - ansbody is lying face up
ipsilateral - anssame side
contralateral - ansdifferent sides
superficial - anstowards the surface of the skin
deep - ansaway from surface of the skin
sagittal plane - ansdivides the body into left and right
Midsagittal (median) plane - ansdivides into equal left and right sides
parasagittal plane - ansunequal sides left and right
,Bio 235 Midterm 1 Exam
Study Guide Comprehensive Exam Study
Guide 100% Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
fronta (coronal plane) - ansdivides front and back (anterior/posterior)
transverse plane - anssuperior and inferior top and bottom (horizontal plane cross-sectional)
oblique plane - ansanything but 90 degrees
cranial cavity - anscontains head
Vertebral (spine) cavity - anscontains spinal cord and vertebral column-continuous of the
cranial cavity
Meninges - anslayers of protective tissue surround the brain and spinal cord
thoracic cavity - anschest, ribs, sternum muscles of the chest and a thoracic portion of the
vertebral column
pericardial cavity - anssurrounds the heart
pleura cavity - anssurrounds lungs
visceral layer of cavity - ansinner layer
parietal layer of cavity - ansouter layer
mediastinum cavity - ansbetween the lugs extending from the sternum to the vertebral
column and first rib down to the diaphragm-heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and BV's but
not the lungs
diaphragm - ansdome muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic
cavity
abdominopelvic cavity - ansfrom the diaphragm to the groin
abdominal cavity-stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine
pelvic cavity-urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, and internal organs of the
reproductive system
viscera - ansorgans inside thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
major elements of body mass - ansnitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
lesser elements 8 - ansCalcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine,
Magnesium, Iron
what are the three subatomic particles - ansneutrons, protons, electrons
nucleus - anscore of an atom
proton - anspositively charged (in nucleus)
neutron - ansneutral no charge (in nucleus)
electrons - ansnegatively charged in a cloud around the nucleus
number of protons =? - ansnumber of electrons
atomic number is what - ansnumber of protons/electrons
mass number - anssum of protons and neutrons
isotopes - ansAtoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) - ansAn isotope of an atom that spontaneously emits one
or more types of radioactivity into stable configuration
half-life - ansthe time it takes radioactive isotope to decay into half
atomic mass/weight - ansaverage of the natural occurring isotopes
ion - anshas a positive or negative charge because it has unequal number of protons and
electrons
,Bio 235 Midterm 1 Exam
Study Guide Comprehensive Exam Study
Guide 100% Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
ionization - ansthe process of giving up or gaining an electron to become stable
molecule - answhen two or more atoms share an electron
compound - anssubstance made up of two or more different elements
free radicals - ansatoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell making it unstable-
become stable by gaining or losing from another element (this breaks apart important
elements) UV rays, x-rays
ionic bond - ansforce of attraction between oppositely charged ions
cation - anspositively charged ion-loses an electron
anion - ansnegatively charged ion-gains an electron
electrolyte - ansan ionic compound that breaks apart into positive or negative ions in a
solution
covalent bond - anstwo more more atoms share electrons
non-polar - ansequal sharing of electrons
polar - anssharing of electrons is unequal
electronegativity - anspower to attract electrons to itself
hydrogen bond - ansforms when hydrogen bonds to N,O,F
surface tension - ansa measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a
liquid
activation energy - anscollision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants so
a reaction can start
catalysts-what kind are the most important - anschemicals that speed up reactions by
lowering the activation energy needed-enzymes are most important
synthesis reaction - ansis anabolism and endergonic A+B=AB
decomposition reaction - anscatabolism and exergonic AB=A + B
Exchange reactions - ansboth decomposition and synthesis
reversible reactions - ansproducts can reverse to original reactants
oxidation-reduction reactions are always what? - ansparallel- when one is oxidized the other
is reduced
oxidation - ansthe loss of electrons relaxing energy
reduction - ansthe gain of electrons gaining energy
solvent, solution and solute - ansthe solvent dissolves solute in the solution
hydrophilic - ansdissolves easily in water (polar)
hydrophobic - ansnot very water soluble (non-polar)
hydrolysis - ansdecomposition, break down with the addition of water
dehydration synthesis - ansthe build of molecules-and water is formed as a product (taken
out)
high heat capacity - answater- changing from liquid to gas takes a large amount of energy
with minimal change to own temperature
acid - ansa substance that dissociates into one or more H atoms and anions
base - ansremoves H from a solution (OH-) hydroxide
, Bio 235 Midterm 1 Exam
Study Guide Comprehensive Exam Study
Guide 100% Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
which is a proton donor and which is a proton acceptor - ansacids are proton donors and
bases are proton acceptors
salt - ansdissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions
acidic solutions pH - ansH is greater than OH and ph is less than 7
basic solutions pH - ansOH is greater than H and ph is greater than 7
buffer systems - ansconvert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
acidoses - ansblood ph falls below ph of 7.35
alkalosis - ansblood ph rises above ph of 7.45
carbonic acid buffer system - ansadds or removes H+ compensating for either excess or
shortage of H
monomers - ansdehydration joins the two monomers (hydrogen and hydroxide removed to
form water)-connecting monomers form polymers
isomers - anshave the same formula but different structures
carbohydrates are made up of? - anssugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose
monosaccharide - ansa simple sugar containing 3-7 carbon atoms ending in "ose"
disaccharide - anssimple sugar formed from a combo of two monosaccharides
polysaccharide - anscontains 10-1000s of monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis-
startches and cellulose
glycogen - ansa polysaccharide made entirely of glucose monomers- they are carbs stored as
glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles
starches - anspolysaccharide formed from glucose in plants in plants and can be broken down
cellulose - anspolysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that can't be digested by
humans-forms stool
lipids - ansare mostly non polar and hydrophobic
lipoprotein - anslipid molecules join with hydrophobic protein molecules to help them
become soluble
fatty acids - ansused to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids- can catabolize to generate
ATP
saturated bonds - anssingle bonds between C and H
unsaturated bonds - ansdouble bonds (produce kink) between C and H
triglycerides - ansfats and oils made of a single glycerol and three fatty acids
glycerol - ans3 carbon chain forming the backbone of triglycerides with one fatty acid
attached to each carbon
phospholipids - anshave a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid chains (tails-non polar)
attached to them and a phosphate group at the 3rd carbon (head-polar)
steroid - ans4 rings of carbon and are polar with an OH group and hydrocarbon tail-
cholesterol
eicosanoids and two substances it contains - anslipids derived from a 20 carbon fatty acid
called arachidonic acid containing
a. prostaglandis
b. leukotrienes-allergy and inflammation response
