SOLUTIONS
Anion gap calculation
Na - (Cl + HCO3) = 5-14 mol/L
[Na+ K+] - [Cl + HCO3] = 9-18 mol/L
reference range for anion
5-14 mmol/L
Sodium - Hyponatremia
low sodium (<136)
Sodium - Hypernatremia
high sodium (>146)
What organs are involved with sodium?
kidneys (make renin)
hypothalamus and pituitary (ADH)
adrenal glands (aldosterone)
Serum sodium reference range
136-146 mmol/L
Addison's disease
hyponatremia, low aldosterone
What causes hyponatremia?
, - Na+ loss
- diarrhea
- vomiting, sweating
- Burns
- Trauma
- high water volume
What is metabolic acidosis and what does it cause?
- loss of cations
- hyponatremia
What causes hypernatremia?
- water loss
- dehydration
- diabetes insipidus
- polyuria: no ADH
- high sodium
hyperplasia and hypernatremia
increased aldosterone
Urine sodium reference range
40-220 mmol/24 hrs
Sweat sodium reference range
10-40 mmol
Feces sodium reference range
less than 10 mmol
sodium Natriuretic peptides: