Bio 1A03 Exam Review Questions With
Correct Answers
DNA |polymorphisms
one |of |2 |or |more |alternative |forms |at |a |chromosomal |region |that |differs |in |a |single |nucleotide
|base |or |the |number |of |tandem |repeats |in |a |population |of |individuals
how |a |genetic |variation |will |have |more |of |an |effect
if |they |are |presented |on |a |coding |or |regulatory |region
the |type |of |region |DNA |polymorphisms |usually |reside |and |what |they |are |used |for
mostly |in |noncoding |regions |and |are |handy |for |the |assembly |of |high-density |genetic |maps |and
|are |referred |to |as |DNA |markers
how |DNA |markers |are |detected
using |microarray |analysis, |PCR |and |southern |blot |or |DNA |sequencing |can |be |used |to |identify |
individuals |and |show |relatedness |and |DNA |fingerprints
percentage |of |human |DNA |sequences |that |are |the |same
99.9%
the |most |common |type |of |genetic |variation
single |nucleotide |polymorphism |or |SNP |which |are |single |nucleotide |base |changes |or |
substitutions |that |occur |in |a |significant |portion |of |the |population |occurring |for |1 |every |350 |bp
using |genotyping |microarray |to |detect |SNPs |and |types |of |DNA |from |different |individuals
used |to |detect |SNP |genotypes |where |oligonucleotides |that |match |the |common |allele |and |all |
possible |variant |SNP |alleles |are |attached |to |the |glass |on |microarray |chip, |each |well |has |a |
different |nucleotide |G, |C, |A |or |T |that |will |match |one |strand |of |a |SNP |allele |type |as |well |as |an |
X |and |Y |strand |that |deliberately |mismatches |adjacent |to |SNP, |homozygous |CG/CG |individual |
will |have |a |match |with |G |and |C, |heterozygous |CG/TA |individual |will |have |a |match |with |all |C, |G,
|T |and |A, |homozygous |TA/TA |individual |will |have |matches |with |A |and |T
types |of |SNP |alleles
,CG |and |AT |alleles
benefit |of |researchers |probing |for |different |SNPs |in |human |genome
can |reveal |variations |in |the |population |due |to |the |genome |in |each |individual |containing |its |
own |pattern |of |SNPs |or |SNP |profile
the |types |of |regions |on |a |DNA |sequence |that |can |lead |to |genetic |variation
noncoding |RNA, |single-copy |gene, |tandem |repeats, |simple |sequence |repeats, |exons |and |
introns
goal |of |genome |sequencing |projects
to |map |out |each |chromosome |with |high |resolution |so |the |underlying |DNA |sequences |can |be |
determined |and |annotated |to |identify |the |coding |and |noncoding |regions |and |will |provide |
insight |into |mechanisms |of |inherited |diseases |and |genetic |variability
how |to |get |DNA |markers
if |an |SNP |occurs |in |a |noncoding |region |near |a |particular |gene
can |DNA |markers |be |inherited?
if |the |SNP |is |close |enough |to |the |particular |gene |of |interest |the |SNP |can |be |inherited |along |
with |that |gene
oligonucleotide
a |polynucleotide |whose |molecules |contain |a |small |number |of |oligonucleotides
variable |number |tandem |repeats |or |VNTRs
patterns |of |one |or |more |nucleotides |that |are |repeated |and |are |found |in |various |lengths |
between |different |individuals |across |populations
how |VNTRS |can |be |found
using |PCR |and |gel |electrophoresis |analysis |where |tandem |repeat |sites |are |targeted |and |
amplified |with |sequence-specific |primers |that |target |flanking |regions |or |variable |repeats
benefits |of |detecting |varying |lengths |of |VNTRs |in |individuals
DNA |fingerprinting |used |for |crime |scenes |or |determining |closely |related |and |unrelated |
individuals
silent |variations |in |the |human |genome
when |variations |are |in |nocoding |regions
,why |variations |in |coding |or |regulatory |regions |can |be |harmful
they |will |produce |an |altered |gene |product |which |can |lead |to |detrimental |effects |in |the |
organism
genotype
the |representation |of |the |pair |of |alleles |carried |by |a |person
phenotype
the |cell |or |body's |interpretation |of |the |genotype
cellular |phenotype |of |genotype |HbS/HbS |for |beta-globin |protein
causes |haemoglobin |protein |into |a |sickle |shape |instead |of |biconcave |shape
physiology |phenotype |of |having |HbS/HbS |alleles |for |beta-globin |protein
oxygen |not |being |efficiently |carried |around, |blocking |of |the |capillaries |in |the |circulatory |
system |leading |to |anemia |and |acute |pain
HbS |or |sickle |cell |genotype
caused |by |an |SNP |leading |to |a |simple |mutation |of |substituting |glutamine |to |valine |and |
altering |tertiary |structure |of |beta-globin |protein
biochemical |cause |of |sickle |shape |of |HbS |beta-globin |proteins
decreased |efficiency |of |binding |oxygen |leads |to |aggregation |of |abnormal |beta-globin |proteins |
resulting |in |long |rod-like |structures |within |red |blood |cells
how |beta-globin |haplotypes |can |establish |variability |across |populations
between |different |ethnic |groups, |sickle |cell |anemia |mutant |gene |may |confer |heterozygous |
individuals |in |a |population |with |selective |advantage |and |resistance |to |malaria |in |regions |with |
endemic |and |continuous |malaria |threats
haplotype
a |group |of |genes |inherited |together |from |a |single |parent
how |variations |in |gene |copy |number |of |CNVs |can |be |detected
using |DNA |microarray |analysis |where |they |are |identified |based |on |relative |fluorescence |
intensities, |gene |duplications |are |usually |found |adjacent |to |each |other
types |of |variations |in |DNA |sequences |that |contribute |to |various |DNA |polymorphisms
, SNPs, |VNTRs |and |CNVs
how |genetic |variations |can |be |detected
microarray |analysis, |PCR |and |gel |electrophoresis |and |DNA |sequencing |techniques
process |of |meiosis
DNA |replication |of |female |and |male |sex |cells, |first |meiotic |division |and |crossing |over |of |
chromosome |segments, |second |meiotic |division |resulting |in |4 |haploids, |female |haploids |fuse |
together |into |1 |oocyte |or |egg |and |male |haploids |remain |separate |as |sperm |cells
which |cells |are |the |only |types |that |are |not |produced |by |mitosis?
gametes |derived |from |specialized |germ |cells |in |ovaries |and |testes
prophase |I
homologous |chromosomes |continue |to |condense |and |undergo |synapsis |which |is |gene-for-
gene |pairing |of |homologous |chromosomes, |microtubules |start |forming, |chiasmata |between |
non-sister |chromatids |form |which |is |from |crossing |over |and |rearrangement |of |genetic |
information, |centrosome |duplication, |movement |and |spindle |formation, |nuclear |envelope |
breaks |down
purpose |of |meiosis
allows |for |recombination |of |parental |homologous |chromosomes |and |production |of |unique |
and |variable |gametes
interphase
allows |for |chromosomes |to |be |duplicated
how |many |chromosomes |do |the |haploid |daughter |cells |have |compared |to |the |parent |cell?
half |the |amount
what |facilitates |synapsis |of |homologous |chromosomes |during |meiosis?
a |synaptonemal |complex |that |forms |a |physical |connection |between |homologous |
chromosomes
are |homologous |chromosomes |sister |chromatids?
no |they |are |one |chromosome |from |each |parent |that |have |different |versions |of |the |same |type |
of |genes
chiasmata
Correct Answers
DNA |polymorphisms
one |of |2 |or |more |alternative |forms |at |a |chromosomal |region |that |differs |in |a |single |nucleotide
|base |or |the |number |of |tandem |repeats |in |a |population |of |individuals
how |a |genetic |variation |will |have |more |of |an |effect
if |they |are |presented |on |a |coding |or |regulatory |region
the |type |of |region |DNA |polymorphisms |usually |reside |and |what |they |are |used |for
mostly |in |noncoding |regions |and |are |handy |for |the |assembly |of |high-density |genetic |maps |and
|are |referred |to |as |DNA |markers
how |DNA |markers |are |detected
using |microarray |analysis, |PCR |and |southern |blot |or |DNA |sequencing |can |be |used |to |identify |
individuals |and |show |relatedness |and |DNA |fingerprints
percentage |of |human |DNA |sequences |that |are |the |same
99.9%
the |most |common |type |of |genetic |variation
single |nucleotide |polymorphism |or |SNP |which |are |single |nucleotide |base |changes |or |
substitutions |that |occur |in |a |significant |portion |of |the |population |occurring |for |1 |every |350 |bp
using |genotyping |microarray |to |detect |SNPs |and |types |of |DNA |from |different |individuals
used |to |detect |SNP |genotypes |where |oligonucleotides |that |match |the |common |allele |and |all |
possible |variant |SNP |alleles |are |attached |to |the |glass |on |microarray |chip, |each |well |has |a |
different |nucleotide |G, |C, |A |or |T |that |will |match |one |strand |of |a |SNP |allele |type |as |well |as |an |
X |and |Y |strand |that |deliberately |mismatches |adjacent |to |SNP, |homozygous |CG/CG |individual |
will |have |a |match |with |G |and |C, |heterozygous |CG/TA |individual |will |have |a |match |with |all |C, |G,
|T |and |A, |homozygous |TA/TA |individual |will |have |matches |with |A |and |T
types |of |SNP |alleles
,CG |and |AT |alleles
benefit |of |researchers |probing |for |different |SNPs |in |human |genome
can |reveal |variations |in |the |population |due |to |the |genome |in |each |individual |containing |its |
own |pattern |of |SNPs |or |SNP |profile
the |types |of |regions |on |a |DNA |sequence |that |can |lead |to |genetic |variation
noncoding |RNA, |single-copy |gene, |tandem |repeats, |simple |sequence |repeats, |exons |and |
introns
goal |of |genome |sequencing |projects
to |map |out |each |chromosome |with |high |resolution |so |the |underlying |DNA |sequences |can |be |
determined |and |annotated |to |identify |the |coding |and |noncoding |regions |and |will |provide |
insight |into |mechanisms |of |inherited |diseases |and |genetic |variability
how |to |get |DNA |markers
if |an |SNP |occurs |in |a |noncoding |region |near |a |particular |gene
can |DNA |markers |be |inherited?
if |the |SNP |is |close |enough |to |the |particular |gene |of |interest |the |SNP |can |be |inherited |along |
with |that |gene
oligonucleotide
a |polynucleotide |whose |molecules |contain |a |small |number |of |oligonucleotides
variable |number |tandem |repeats |or |VNTRs
patterns |of |one |or |more |nucleotides |that |are |repeated |and |are |found |in |various |lengths |
between |different |individuals |across |populations
how |VNTRS |can |be |found
using |PCR |and |gel |electrophoresis |analysis |where |tandem |repeat |sites |are |targeted |and |
amplified |with |sequence-specific |primers |that |target |flanking |regions |or |variable |repeats
benefits |of |detecting |varying |lengths |of |VNTRs |in |individuals
DNA |fingerprinting |used |for |crime |scenes |or |determining |closely |related |and |unrelated |
individuals
silent |variations |in |the |human |genome
when |variations |are |in |nocoding |regions
,why |variations |in |coding |or |regulatory |regions |can |be |harmful
they |will |produce |an |altered |gene |product |which |can |lead |to |detrimental |effects |in |the |
organism
genotype
the |representation |of |the |pair |of |alleles |carried |by |a |person
phenotype
the |cell |or |body's |interpretation |of |the |genotype
cellular |phenotype |of |genotype |HbS/HbS |for |beta-globin |protein
causes |haemoglobin |protein |into |a |sickle |shape |instead |of |biconcave |shape
physiology |phenotype |of |having |HbS/HbS |alleles |for |beta-globin |protein
oxygen |not |being |efficiently |carried |around, |blocking |of |the |capillaries |in |the |circulatory |
system |leading |to |anemia |and |acute |pain
HbS |or |sickle |cell |genotype
caused |by |an |SNP |leading |to |a |simple |mutation |of |substituting |glutamine |to |valine |and |
altering |tertiary |structure |of |beta-globin |protein
biochemical |cause |of |sickle |shape |of |HbS |beta-globin |proteins
decreased |efficiency |of |binding |oxygen |leads |to |aggregation |of |abnormal |beta-globin |proteins |
resulting |in |long |rod-like |structures |within |red |blood |cells
how |beta-globin |haplotypes |can |establish |variability |across |populations
between |different |ethnic |groups, |sickle |cell |anemia |mutant |gene |may |confer |heterozygous |
individuals |in |a |population |with |selective |advantage |and |resistance |to |malaria |in |regions |with |
endemic |and |continuous |malaria |threats
haplotype
a |group |of |genes |inherited |together |from |a |single |parent
how |variations |in |gene |copy |number |of |CNVs |can |be |detected
using |DNA |microarray |analysis |where |they |are |identified |based |on |relative |fluorescence |
intensities, |gene |duplications |are |usually |found |adjacent |to |each |other
types |of |variations |in |DNA |sequences |that |contribute |to |various |DNA |polymorphisms
, SNPs, |VNTRs |and |CNVs
how |genetic |variations |can |be |detected
microarray |analysis, |PCR |and |gel |electrophoresis |and |DNA |sequencing |techniques
process |of |meiosis
DNA |replication |of |female |and |male |sex |cells, |first |meiotic |division |and |crossing |over |of |
chromosome |segments, |second |meiotic |division |resulting |in |4 |haploids, |female |haploids |fuse |
together |into |1 |oocyte |or |egg |and |male |haploids |remain |separate |as |sperm |cells
which |cells |are |the |only |types |that |are |not |produced |by |mitosis?
gametes |derived |from |specialized |germ |cells |in |ovaries |and |testes
prophase |I
homologous |chromosomes |continue |to |condense |and |undergo |synapsis |which |is |gene-for-
gene |pairing |of |homologous |chromosomes, |microtubules |start |forming, |chiasmata |between |
non-sister |chromatids |form |which |is |from |crossing |over |and |rearrangement |of |genetic |
information, |centrosome |duplication, |movement |and |spindle |formation, |nuclear |envelope |
breaks |down
purpose |of |meiosis
allows |for |recombination |of |parental |homologous |chromosomes |and |production |of |unique |
and |variable |gametes
interphase
allows |for |chromosomes |to |be |duplicated
how |many |chromosomes |do |the |haploid |daughter |cells |have |compared |to |the |parent |cell?
half |the |amount
what |facilitates |synapsis |of |homologous |chromosomes |during |meiosis?
a |synaptonemal |complex |that |forms |a |physical |connection |between |homologous |
chromosomes
are |homologous |chromosomes |sister |chromatids?
no |they |are |one |chromosome |from |each |parent |that |have |different |versions |of |the |same |type |
of |genes
chiasmata
