Solutions Manual for Earth Portrait of a Planet, 5th edition by Stephen Marshak All Chapters 1 to 23 complete Verified editon ISBN: 9780393937503

Solutions Manual for Earth Portrait of a
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Planet, 5e, by Stephen Marshak (All
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, Chapters)
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CHAPTER 1 FE




Cosmology and the Birth of Earth FE FE FE FE FE




Learning Objectives FE




1. Students should be aware of the Big Bang theory and the major
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FE evidence supporting it. Distant galaxies are uniformly red-shifted
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FE rather than blue- shifted; this implies that they are all moving away
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FE from us. The farthest galaxies are those that are most strongly red-
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shifted, meaning that they are receding the fastest. Extrapolation of
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velocities and trajectories into the past suggests that all matter in
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FE the Universe was contained in a single point, approximately 13.7
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FE billion years ago. At that time, the Universe explosively came into
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FE existence.
2. Stars, including our Sun, are nuclear fusion reactors. For most of their
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FE life histories (on the order of billions of years), hydrogen atoms are
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FE fused together to form helium. Later stages in stellar evolution include
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FE fusion of helium atoms and other, heavier elements; ultimately, iron is
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FE the heaviest element that can be produced through fusion reactions
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FE within stars. FE




3. After their cycles of fusion are complete, large stars violently explode
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(forming supernovae), producing elements heavier than iron and
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FE leaving behind a residue of diffuse nebulae, which may be recycled to
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FE form a new star at some point in the future.
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4. Our Solar System is approximately 4.57 Ga (billion years old). All eight
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planets revolve around the Sun in coplanar, elliptical orbits. All
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FE planets orbit in the FE FE FE

, same direction (counterclockwise as viewed from above Earth’s North
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FE Pole). These facts imply simultaneous planetary formation from a
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FE swirling nebula surrounding the Sun (the similarities in orbits would
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FE then be a natural result of conservation of angular momentum). The
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FE planets accreted from this nebula through gravitational attraction and
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FE haphazard collisions. Pluto, long FE FE FE




considered the “ninth planet,” has seen its status demoted; astronomers
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now
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recognize eight major planets. FE FE FE




5. The terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are relatively
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FE small, dense, and rocky worlds. The giant planets are predominantly
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composed of the light gases hydrogen and helium (Jupiter and Saturn)
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FE or ices (Uranus and Neptune); they are much larger and much less
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FE dense than the terrestrial planets.
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6. Our Moon is chemically similar to the Earth’s mantle. The Moon is
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thought to have originated from debris accumulated when a
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FE protoplanet collided with Earth approximately 4.3 Ga. FE FE FE FE FE FE




Summary from the Text FE FE FE




The geocentric model placed Earth at the center of the Universe, with the
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FE planets and Sun orbiting around the Earth within a celestial sphere speckled
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FE with stars. The heliocentric model, which gained acceptance during the
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FE Renaissance, placed the Sun at the center. FE FE FE FE FE FE




Eratosthenes was able to measure the size of Earth in ancient times, but
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FE it was not until fairly recently that astronomers accurately determined the
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distances to the Sun, planets, and stars. Distances in the Universe are so
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FE large that they must be measured in light-years.
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The Earth is one of eight planets orbiting the Sun, and this Solar System
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FE lies on the outer edge of a slowly revolving galaxy, the Milky Way, which is
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FE composed of about 300 billion stars. The Universe contains at least hundreds
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FE of billions of galaxies.
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The red shift of light from distant galaxies, a manifestation of the
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FE Doppler effect, indicates that all distant galaxies are moving away from Earth.
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, This observation leads
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