NURS 5315 Module 1 Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
Cell membrane composed of - Answers phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipid
Role of phospholipids - Answers repairing the cell by folding
Cell membrane is highly permeable to - Answers CO2, O2, fatty acids, steroid hormones
Resting membrane potential - Answers slight difference in charge between ICF and ECF. Charge
is -70 to -85mV
Action potential - Answers sudden impulse and rapid change in resting membrane potential.
Depolarization - Answers charge is moving closer to zero and becoming more positive
Threshold potential - Answers occurs when the inside of the cell does not change at least 15 to
20mV and the action potential is not successfully reached
Repolarization - Answers occurs when the charge reaches zero and then returns back to the
baseline of -70 to -85mV
Refractory period - Answers cell membrane resists repolarization and cannot depolarize
Absolute refractory period - Answers membrane does not respond to any stimulus
Relative refractory period - Answers repolarization only occurs to very strong stimulus
Hyperpolarized - Answers charge is greater than -85mV. Cell is less excitable
Hypopolarized - Answers charge is less than -65mV. Cell is very excitable
Hypokalemia affects of resting membrane potential - Answers hyperpolarized, less excitable
Decrease in neuromuscular excitability, weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesias and
cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia affects of resting membrane potential - Answers hypopolarized, more excitable
Peak T waves, K+ increases, widening QRS, cardiac standstill
Hypercalcemia affects of resting membrane potential - Answers hyperpolarized, less excitable
Weakness, hyporeflexia, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, short QT, depressed T waves
Hypocalcemia affects of resting membrane potential - Answers hypopolarized, more excitable
Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesias, seizures, dysrhythmias
Atrophy - Answers E: shrinkage of cell size
, P: imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, less mitochondrial, myofilaments, and
endoplasmic reticulum. Autophagy also present.
CM: shrinkage of thymus gland in childhood, skeletal muscle atrophy d/t being bedridden
Physiologic atrophy:
Pathologic atrophy: - Answers -shrinkage of thymus gland in childhood
-skeletal muscle shrinkage d/t being bedridden or paralyzed. Also brain shrinkage d/t age
Hypertrophy - Answers E: increase in size of cells
P: hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand which increases cellular protein in
mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
CM: skeletal muscle growth d/t lifting weights and working out, kidney enlargement d/t other
kidney being removed, cardiomegaly d/t increased workload
Physiologic hypertrophy:
Pathologic hypertrophy: - Answers -skeletal muscle enlargement d/t lifting weights, surgical
removal of one kidney causes the other kidney to enlarge to compensate
-cardiomegaly d/t increased workload, hypertension
Hyperplasia - Answers E: increase in number of cells
P: happens only in cells capable of mitosis d/t growth factors that stimulate the cells to multiply
CM: increase in tissue mass as damage or resection, removal of part of liver, uterine and
mammary enlargement in pregnancy, endometrial lining of the uterus d/t estrogen secretion
Physiologic hyperplasia:
Pathologic hyperplasia: - Answers compensatory hyperplasia d/t increase in tissue mass after
damage or resection, removal of part of the liver will result in it to regenerate, uterine and
mammary gland enlargement d/t pregnancy
Cell membrane composed of - Answers phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipid
Role of phospholipids - Answers repairing the cell by folding
Cell membrane is highly permeable to - Answers CO2, O2, fatty acids, steroid hormones
Resting membrane potential - Answers slight difference in charge between ICF and ECF. Charge
is -70 to -85mV
Action potential - Answers sudden impulse and rapid change in resting membrane potential.
Depolarization - Answers charge is moving closer to zero and becoming more positive
Threshold potential - Answers occurs when the inside of the cell does not change at least 15 to
20mV and the action potential is not successfully reached
Repolarization - Answers occurs when the charge reaches zero and then returns back to the
baseline of -70 to -85mV
Refractory period - Answers cell membrane resists repolarization and cannot depolarize
Absolute refractory period - Answers membrane does not respond to any stimulus
Relative refractory period - Answers repolarization only occurs to very strong stimulus
Hyperpolarized - Answers charge is greater than -85mV. Cell is less excitable
Hypopolarized - Answers charge is less than -65mV. Cell is very excitable
Hypokalemia affects of resting membrane potential - Answers hyperpolarized, less excitable
Decrease in neuromuscular excitability, weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesias and
cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia affects of resting membrane potential - Answers hypopolarized, more excitable
Peak T waves, K+ increases, widening QRS, cardiac standstill
Hypercalcemia affects of resting membrane potential - Answers hyperpolarized, less excitable
Weakness, hyporeflexia, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, short QT, depressed T waves
Hypocalcemia affects of resting membrane potential - Answers hypopolarized, more excitable
Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesias, seizures, dysrhythmias
Atrophy - Answers E: shrinkage of cell size
, P: imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, less mitochondrial, myofilaments, and
endoplasmic reticulum. Autophagy also present.
CM: shrinkage of thymus gland in childhood, skeletal muscle atrophy d/t being bedridden
Physiologic atrophy:
Pathologic atrophy: - Answers -shrinkage of thymus gland in childhood
-skeletal muscle shrinkage d/t being bedridden or paralyzed. Also brain shrinkage d/t age
Hypertrophy - Answers E: increase in size of cells
P: hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand which increases cellular protein in
mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
CM: skeletal muscle growth d/t lifting weights and working out, kidney enlargement d/t other
kidney being removed, cardiomegaly d/t increased workload
Physiologic hypertrophy:
Pathologic hypertrophy: - Answers -skeletal muscle enlargement d/t lifting weights, surgical
removal of one kidney causes the other kidney to enlarge to compensate
-cardiomegaly d/t increased workload, hypertension
Hyperplasia - Answers E: increase in number of cells
P: happens only in cells capable of mitosis d/t growth factors that stimulate the cells to multiply
CM: increase in tissue mass as damage or resection, removal of part of liver, uterine and
mammary enlargement in pregnancy, endometrial lining of the uterus d/t estrogen secretion
Physiologic hyperplasia:
Pathologic hyperplasia: - Answers compensatory hyperplasia d/t increase in tissue mass after
damage or resection, removal of part of the liver will result in it to regenerate, uterine and
mammary gland enlargement d/t pregnancy
