HDFS 401 UPDATED EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
developmental trajectories - CORRECT ANSWERS -The path individuals tend to take or
follow
-Change is orderly and sequential, so that people become different while remaining in some
ways the same
-Children can be described with regard to how closely they are functioning to age-expected
development in the three early childhood outcomes measured for federal reporting purposes
-Can be influenced by parents, environment, etc.
-example: height and weight, vocal development
-promote opportunities to investigate factors that support or undermine children's health and
development across time
socialization - CORRECT ANSWERS -The way in which individuals are assisted in becoming
members of one or more social groups
-Involves a variety of "outcomes" (i.e., things that are socialized), including acquisition of rules,
roles, standards or norms, and values
-Some outcomes (or "side effects") are not always intended or positive (e.g., low self-esteem)
mechanisms of socialization - CORRECT ANSWERS Discipline, modeling (observational
learning), proactive techniques, routines/rituals
examples of socialization agents - CORRECT ANSWERS parents, teachers, peers, siblings,
media, other institutional settings (after school programs, place of worship, workplace, etc.)
units of analysis - CORRECT ANSWERS -the what or whom being studied
,-Is it an individual person? A dyad (caregiver-child, spouses, best friends)? A group (family, peer
group, classroom)? A social network?
-Is it an institution of some kind? School, place of worship, government, etc.
-If you're doing a meta-analysis, then a research study would be this
proximal influences - CORRECT ANSWERS -environmental influences in the child's
immediate surroundings
-enduring interaction between individual and settings; culture exists across settings as
microsystems
distal influences - CORRECT ANSWERS influences that affect child less directly
What are the key important concepts in transactional/ecological models? - CORRECT
ANSWERS -Nature and nurture constantly change by interaction with each other
-Developmental outcomes therefore are a function of both individual and context
-Parenting Behaviors are linked to Socialization Goals of Cultural Context
multifinality - CORRECT ANSWERS -A basic principle of developmental psychopathology
that holds that one cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations.
-kids start out similar, end up different
equifinality - CORRECT ANSWERS -a basic principle of developmental psychopathology
that holds that one symptom can have many causes
-kids start out different, end up similar
How do Velez Agosto et al. (2017) expand Brofenbrenner's bioecological model? - CORRECT
ANSWERS The cultural microsystem model. This figure portrays culture as existing within
different settings, distal or proximal in relation to the individual. It seeks to represent settings as
, cultural practices (cultural pathways) that relate to the individual in mutually defining processes,
emphasizing the transactional nature of human development.
intersectionality - CORRECT ANSWERS -an analytic framework for assessing how factors
such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of
stratification
-Every person in our society has multiple social identities
-Most individuals have BOTH privileged and oppressed social identities
-Helps make sense of how interlocking systems of oppression are experienced by marginalized
groups
temperament - CORRECT ANSWERS -a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and
intensity
-Inherited, individual differences in the behavioral characteristics of the individual that are
relatively stable over time and across situations
-Behavioral characteristics include emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity
-Measured by looking at latency, intensity, and recovery of response to a stimulus
-And Self-regulation capacities
-An infant's characteristic style of approaching and reacting to people and situations -
personality to be?
What is the evidence that temperament is rooted in biology, and influenced by the
environment? - CORRECT ANSWERS -behavioral genetic studies
-molecular genetic studies
-genes that regulate neurotransmitters
behavioral genetic studies - CORRECT ANSWERS -MZ twins more similar than DZ twins
across temperament dimensions (Saudino& Cherny, 2001)
CORRECT ANSWERS
developmental trajectories - CORRECT ANSWERS -The path individuals tend to take or
follow
-Change is orderly and sequential, so that people become different while remaining in some
ways the same
-Children can be described with regard to how closely they are functioning to age-expected
development in the three early childhood outcomes measured for federal reporting purposes
-Can be influenced by parents, environment, etc.
-example: height and weight, vocal development
-promote opportunities to investigate factors that support or undermine children's health and
development across time
socialization - CORRECT ANSWERS -The way in which individuals are assisted in becoming
members of one or more social groups
-Involves a variety of "outcomes" (i.e., things that are socialized), including acquisition of rules,
roles, standards or norms, and values
-Some outcomes (or "side effects") are not always intended or positive (e.g., low self-esteem)
mechanisms of socialization - CORRECT ANSWERS Discipline, modeling (observational
learning), proactive techniques, routines/rituals
examples of socialization agents - CORRECT ANSWERS parents, teachers, peers, siblings,
media, other institutional settings (after school programs, place of worship, workplace, etc.)
units of analysis - CORRECT ANSWERS -the what or whom being studied
,-Is it an individual person? A dyad (caregiver-child, spouses, best friends)? A group (family, peer
group, classroom)? A social network?
-Is it an institution of some kind? School, place of worship, government, etc.
-If you're doing a meta-analysis, then a research study would be this
proximal influences - CORRECT ANSWERS -environmental influences in the child's
immediate surroundings
-enduring interaction between individual and settings; culture exists across settings as
microsystems
distal influences - CORRECT ANSWERS influences that affect child less directly
What are the key important concepts in transactional/ecological models? - CORRECT
ANSWERS -Nature and nurture constantly change by interaction with each other
-Developmental outcomes therefore are a function of both individual and context
-Parenting Behaviors are linked to Socialization Goals of Cultural Context
multifinality - CORRECT ANSWERS -A basic principle of developmental psychopathology
that holds that one cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations.
-kids start out similar, end up different
equifinality - CORRECT ANSWERS -a basic principle of developmental psychopathology
that holds that one symptom can have many causes
-kids start out different, end up similar
How do Velez Agosto et al. (2017) expand Brofenbrenner's bioecological model? - CORRECT
ANSWERS The cultural microsystem model. This figure portrays culture as existing within
different settings, distal or proximal in relation to the individual. It seeks to represent settings as
, cultural practices (cultural pathways) that relate to the individual in mutually defining processes,
emphasizing the transactional nature of human development.
intersectionality - CORRECT ANSWERS -an analytic framework for assessing how factors
such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of
stratification
-Every person in our society has multiple social identities
-Most individuals have BOTH privileged and oppressed social identities
-Helps make sense of how interlocking systems of oppression are experienced by marginalized
groups
temperament - CORRECT ANSWERS -a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and
intensity
-Inherited, individual differences in the behavioral characteristics of the individual that are
relatively stable over time and across situations
-Behavioral characteristics include emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity
-Measured by looking at latency, intensity, and recovery of response to a stimulus
-And Self-regulation capacities
-An infant's characteristic style of approaching and reacting to people and situations -
personality to be?
What is the evidence that temperament is rooted in biology, and influenced by the
environment? - CORRECT ANSWERS -behavioral genetic studies
-molecular genetic studies
-genes that regulate neurotransmitters
behavioral genetic studies - CORRECT ANSWERS -MZ twins more similar than DZ twins
across temperament dimensions (Saudino& Cherny, 2001)
