BIOS-251 Exam 2 Review – BIOS-251,
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Exam 2
Study Guide
Introduction:
This document provides a comprehensive question-and-answer
review for BIOS-251 Exam 2, covering skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac muscle, the nervous system, cell biology, tissues,
membranes, and the autonomic nervous system. It also
includes detailed content on the brain, spinal cord, cranial
nerves, cell division, transport mechanisms, and epithelial and
connective tissues. The material is structured as exam-focused
review questions with clear answers, making it suitable for
exam preparation and concept reinforcement.
Skeletal muscle cells are also called -Answer:-muscle fibers
What are the connective tissues of muscles? -Answer:-
endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, fascia
,Endomysium -Answer:-Thin sleeve that surrounds each muscle
fiber, creates room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach
every muscle cell.
Perimysium -Answer:-Sheath that bundles muscle fibers into
units called fascicles. Larger blood vessels, nerves, and stretch
receptors will be found within this sheath.
Epimysium -Answer:-Fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire
muscle and bundles multiple fascicles together.
Fascia -Answer:-Sheet of connective tissue outside of the
epimysium that separates muscles from one another.
What is direct vs indirect attachment? -Answer:-Direct: looks
like directly attached, but is not, short connection of collagen
fibers.
Indirect: attaches by tendon, obvious band.
What are the characteristics of muscle? -Answer:-excitability:
muscle cells can become excited electrically
conductivity: electrical signals will travel along the cell
,contractility: muscle cells and shorten when stimulated
extensibility: muscle cells can stretch between contractions
elasticity: when a muscle cell is stretched and then released, it
recoils to a shorter length.
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary? -Answer:-
voluntary
Why are there striations in muscle fibers (skeletal muscle)? -
Answer:-Due to the overlapping arrangement of contractile
proteins.
Structure of skeletal muscle fibers -Answer:-Sarcolemma:
plasma membrane with T tubules (infoldings).
Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm. Made of long proteins called
myofibrils/myofilaments. Myoglobin, glycogen strorage.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum: smooth endoplasmic reticulum,
surround each myofibril. High amounts of calcium, which is
important for contraction, are stored there.
Sacrolemma -Answer:-Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber that
forms T tubules (tubular infoldings).
, Sarcoplasm -Answer:-Cytoplasm of a muscle cell. Made of long
proteins called myofibrils. Contains a large amount of glycogen
as well as myoglobin (an oxygen binding protein).
Sarcoplasmic reticulum -Answer:-Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum, surround each myofibril. High amounts of calcium,
which is important for contraction, are stored there.
What are the three kinds of myofilaments? -Answer:-thick,
thin, elastic
What is the structure of thin, thick, and elastic myofilaments?
-Answer:-Thick: consists of many molecules of protein myosin
Thin: is made of two intertwined strands of actin. Each bead of
the actin has an active site that can bind to the head of a
myosin molecule. Also includes the protein tropomyosin, which
covers these active sites at rest. Each tropomyosin has
troponin bound to it.
Elastic: composed of titin, anchors the ends of thick filaments
to the Z line.
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Exam 2
Study Guide
Introduction:
This document provides a comprehensive question-and-answer
review for BIOS-251 Exam 2, covering skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac muscle, the nervous system, cell biology, tissues,
membranes, and the autonomic nervous system. It also
includes detailed content on the brain, spinal cord, cranial
nerves, cell division, transport mechanisms, and epithelial and
connective tissues. The material is structured as exam-focused
review questions with clear answers, making it suitable for
exam preparation and concept reinforcement.
Skeletal muscle cells are also called -Answer:-muscle fibers
What are the connective tissues of muscles? -Answer:-
endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, fascia
,Endomysium -Answer:-Thin sleeve that surrounds each muscle
fiber, creates room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach
every muscle cell.
Perimysium -Answer:-Sheath that bundles muscle fibers into
units called fascicles. Larger blood vessels, nerves, and stretch
receptors will be found within this sheath.
Epimysium -Answer:-Fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire
muscle and bundles multiple fascicles together.
Fascia -Answer:-Sheet of connective tissue outside of the
epimysium that separates muscles from one another.
What is direct vs indirect attachment? -Answer:-Direct: looks
like directly attached, but is not, short connection of collagen
fibers.
Indirect: attaches by tendon, obvious band.
What are the characteristics of muscle? -Answer:-excitability:
muscle cells can become excited electrically
conductivity: electrical signals will travel along the cell
,contractility: muscle cells and shorten when stimulated
extensibility: muscle cells can stretch between contractions
elasticity: when a muscle cell is stretched and then released, it
recoils to a shorter length.
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary? -Answer:-
voluntary
Why are there striations in muscle fibers (skeletal muscle)? -
Answer:-Due to the overlapping arrangement of contractile
proteins.
Structure of skeletal muscle fibers -Answer:-Sarcolemma:
plasma membrane with T tubules (infoldings).
Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm. Made of long proteins called
myofibrils/myofilaments. Myoglobin, glycogen strorage.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum: smooth endoplasmic reticulum,
surround each myofibril. High amounts of calcium, which is
important for contraction, are stored there.
Sacrolemma -Answer:-Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber that
forms T tubules (tubular infoldings).
, Sarcoplasm -Answer:-Cytoplasm of a muscle cell. Made of long
proteins called myofibrils. Contains a large amount of glycogen
as well as myoglobin (an oxygen binding protein).
Sarcoplasmic reticulum -Answer:-Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum, surround each myofibril. High amounts of calcium,
which is important for contraction, are stored there.
What are the three kinds of myofilaments? -Answer:-thick,
thin, elastic
What is the structure of thin, thick, and elastic myofilaments?
-Answer:-Thick: consists of many molecules of protein myosin
Thin: is made of two intertwined strands of actin. Each bead of
the actin has an active site that can bind to the head of a
myosin molecule. Also includes the protein tropomyosin, which
covers these active sites at rest. Each tropomyosin has
troponin bound to it.
Elastic: composed of titin, anchors the ends of thick filaments
to the Z line.
