Earth: Portrait of a Planet
5th Edition
ST
SOLUTIONS
UV
IA
MANUAL
_A
PP
Stephen Marshak
RO
Comprehensive Solutions Manual for
VE
Instructors and Students
D?
© Stephen Marshak
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
?
© DREAMSHUB
, Solutions Manual for Earth: Portrait of a Planet (5th Edition)
Stephen Marshak
UNIT 1: EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE AND INTERNAL DYNAMICS
ST
1. The Universe and the Earth
2. Journey to the Center of the Earth
UNIT 2: PLATE TECTONICS AND EARTH MATERIALS
UV
3. Plate Tectonics
4. The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
5. The Earth Materials
6. Igneous Rocks
7. Sedimentary Rocks
IA
8. Metamorphism
UNIT 3: VOLCANISM, EARTHQUAKES, AND MOUNTAIN BUILDING
9. Volcanic Activity
_A
10. Earthquakes
11. Mountain Building
UNIT 4: GEOLOGIC TIME AND THE HISTORY OF LIFE
12. Deep Time
PP
13. Evolutionary History of Life
UNIT 5: ENERGY, MINERAL RESOURCES, AND GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
14. Energy Resources
15. Mineral Resources
RO
16. Mass Wasting
UNIT 6: SURFACE PROCESSES AND THE HYDROSPHERE
17. Streams and Floods
18. Groundwater
VE
UNIT 7: EARTH SURFACE ENVIRONMENTS AND THE ATMOSPHERE
19. Deserts
20. Coastal Landscapes
21. The Atmosphere
D?
UNIT 8: CLIMATE, ICE, AND EARTH SYSTEMS
22. Weather Systems and Climate
23. Glacial Landscapes
?
24. Global Climate Change
25. Earth Systems Science
© DREAMSHUB
, Solutions Manual for Earth Portrait of a
Planet, 5e, by Stephen Marshak (All Chapters)
CHAPTER 1
ST
Cosmology and the Birth of Earth
UV
Learning Objectives
1. Students should be aware of the Big Bang theory and the major evidence
IA
supporting it. Distant galaxies are uniformly red-shifted rather than blue-
shifted; this implies that they are all moving away from us. The farthest
galaxies are those that are most strongly red-shifted, meaning that they are
_A
receding the fastest. Extrapolation of velocities and trajectories into the past
suggests that all matter in the Universe was contained in a single point,
approximately 13.7 billion years ago. At that time, the Universe explosively
PP
came into existence.
2. Stars, including our Sun, are nuclear fusion reactors. For most of their life
histories (on the order of billions of years), hydrogen atoms are fused together
RO
to form helium. Later stages in stellar evolution include fusion of helium atoms
and other, heavier elements; ultimately, iron is the heaviest element that can
be produced through fusion reactions within stars.
3. After their cycles of fusion are complete, large stars violently explode (forming
VE
supernovae), producing elements heavier than iron and leaving behind a
residue of diffuse nebulae, which may be recycled to form a new star at some
point in the future.
D?
4. Our Solar System is approximately 4.57 Ga (billion years old). All eight planets
revolve around the Sun in coplanar, elliptical orbits. All planets orbit in the
?
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, same direction (counterclockwise as viewed from above Earth’s North Pole).
These facts imply simultaneous planetary formation from a swirling nebula
surrounding the Sun (the similarities in orbits would then be a natural result of
conservation of angular momentum). The planets accreted from this nebula
through gravitational attraction and haphazard collisions. Pluto, long
considered the “ninth planet,” has seen its status demoted; astronomers now
ST
recognize eight major planets.
5. The terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are relatively small,
dense, and rocky worlds. The giant planets are predominantly composed of the
UV
light gases hydrogen and helium (Jupiter and Saturn) or ices (Uranus and
Neptune); they are much larger and much less dense than the terrestrial
planets.
IA
6. Our Moon is chemically similar to the Earth’s mantle. The Moon is thought to
have originated from debris accumulated when a protoplanet collided with
Earth approximately 4.3 Ga.
_A
Summary from the Text
PP
The geocentric model placed Earth at the center of the Universe, with the planets
and Sun orbiting around the Earth within a celestial sphere speckled with stars. The
heliocentric model, which gained acceptance during the Renaissance, placed the Sun
at the center.
RO
Eratosthenes was able to measure the size of Earth in ancient times, but it was
not until fairly recently that astronomers accurately determined the distances to the
Sun, planets, and stars. Distances in the Universe are so large that they must be
VE
measured in light-years.
The Earth is one of eight planets orbiting the Sun, and this Solar System lies on
the outer edge of a slowly revolving galaxy, the Milky Way, which is composed of
about 300 billion stars. The Universe contains at least hundreds of billions of galaxies.
D?
The red shift of light from distant galaxies, a manifestation of the Doppler effect,
indicates that all distant galaxies are moving away from Earth. This observation leads
?
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Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?
5th Edition
ST
SOLUTIONS
UV
IA
MANUAL
_A
PP
Stephen Marshak
RO
Comprehensive Solutions Manual for
VE
Instructors and Students
D?
© Stephen Marshak
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
?
© DREAMSHUB
, Solutions Manual for Earth: Portrait of a Planet (5th Edition)
Stephen Marshak
UNIT 1: EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE AND INTERNAL DYNAMICS
ST
1. The Universe and the Earth
2. Journey to the Center of the Earth
UNIT 2: PLATE TECTONICS AND EARTH MATERIALS
UV
3. Plate Tectonics
4. The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
5. The Earth Materials
6. Igneous Rocks
7. Sedimentary Rocks
IA
8. Metamorphism
UNIT 3: VOLCANISM, EARTHQUAKES, AND MOUNTAIN BUILDING
9. Volcanic Activity
_A
10. Earthquakes
11. Mountain Building
UNIT 4: GEOLOGIC TIME AND THE HISTORY OF LIFE
12. Deep Time
PP
13. Evolutionary History of Life
UNIT 5: ENERGY, MINERAL RESOURCES, AND GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
14. Energy Resources
15. Mineral Resources
RO
16. Mass Wasting
UNIT 6: SURFACE PROCESSES AND THE HYDROSPHERE
17. Streams and Floods
18. Groundwater
VE
UNIT 7: EARTH SURFACE ENVIRONMENTS AND THE ATMOSPHERE
19. Deserts
20. Coastal Landscapes
21. The Atmosphere
D?
UNIT 8: CLIMATE, ICE, AND EARTH SYSTEMS
22. Weather Systems and Climate
23. Glacial Landscapes
?
24. Global Climate Change
25. Earth Systems Science
© DREAMSHUB
, Solutions Manual for Earth Portrait of a
Planet, 5e, by Stephen Marshak (All Chapters)
CHAPTER 1
ST
Cosmology and the Birth of Earth
UV
Learning Objectives
1. Students should be aware of the Big Bang theory and the major evidence
IA
supporting it. Distant galaxies are uniformly red-shifted rather than blue-
shifted; this implies that they are all moving away from us. The farthest
galaxies are those that are most strongly red-shifted, meaning that they are
_A
receding the fastest. Extrapolation of velocities and trajectories into the past
suggests that all matter in the Universe was contained in a single point,
approximately 13.7 billion years ago. At that time, the Universe explosively
PP
came into existence.
2. Stars, including our Sun, are nuclear fusion reactors. For most of their life
histories (on the order of billions of years), hydrogen atoms are fused together
RO
to form helium. Later stages in stellar evolution include fusion of helium atoms
and other, heavier elements; ultimately, iron is the heaviest element that can
be produced through fusion reactions within stars.
3. After their cycles of fusion are complete, large stars violently explode (forming
VE
supernovae), producing elements heavier than iron and leaving behind a
residue of diffuse nebulae, which may be recycled to form a new star at some
point in the future.
D?
4. Our Solar System is approximately 4.57 Ga (billion years old). All eight planets
revolve around the Sun in coplanar, elliptical orbits. All planets orbit in the
?
Downloaded by: tutorsection | Want to earn $1.236
Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?
, same direction (counterclockwise as viewed from above Earth’s North Pole).
These facts imply simultaneous planetary formation from a swirling nebula
surrounding the Sun (the similarities in orbits would then be a natural result of
conservation of angular momentum). The planets accreted from this nebula
through gravitational attraction and haphazard collisions. Pluto, long
considered the “ninth planet,” has seen its status demoted; astronomers now
ST
recognize eight major planets.
5. The terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are relatively small,
dense, and rocky worlds. The giant planets are predominantly composed of the
UV
light gases hydrogen and helium (Jupiter and Saturn) or ices (Uranus and
Neptune); they are much larger and much less dense than the terrestrial
planets.
IA
6. Our Moon is chemically similar to the Earth’s mantle. The Moon is thought to
have originated from debris accumulated when a protoplanet collided with
Earth approximately 4.3 Ga.
_A
Summary from the Text
PP
The geocentric model placed Earth at the center of the Universe, with the planets
and Sun orbiting around the Earth within a celestial sphere speckled with stars. The
heliocentric model, which gained acceptance during the Renaissance, placed the Sun
at the center.
RO
Eratosthenes was able to measure the size of Earth in ancient times, but it was
not until fairly recently that astronomers accurately determined the distances to the
Sun, planets, and stars. Distances in the Universe are so large that they must be
VE
measured in light-years.
The Earth is one of eight planets orbiting the Sun, and this Solar System lies on
the outer edge of a slowly revolving galaxy, the Milky Way, which is composed of
about 300 billion stars. The Universe contains at least hundreds of billions of galaxies.
D?
The red shift of light from distant galaxies, a manifestation of the Doppler effect,
indicates that all distant galaxies are moving away from Earth. This observation leads
?
Downloaded by: tutorsection | Want to earn $1.236
Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?
