SHS 250 FINAL EXAM 2023 WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
Phoneme definition smallest unit of sound that can distinguish from a morpheme
Morpheme definition smallest unit of language that carries meaning
Morpheme examples dog, -s, -ed, pre-, mouth
Vowel reduction shortening or unstressing of a vowel
In vowel reduction, what is the MOST reduced vowel schwa
Diphthongs a vowel-like sound that serves as a syllable nucleus and involves a gradual
transition from one vowel to another
Onglide the first vowel sound in a diphthong
Offglide the second/last vowel sound in a diphthong
Monophthongization alteration of a diphthong to a pure vowel; involves unstressing of
the diphthong
Allophones one of the sound variants of a specific phoneme, often used in a specific
phonetic context
Complementary distribution Two or more allophones that occur in mutually exclusive
phonetic contexts
Free variation allophones that may be exchanged for one another in a particular
phonetic context- not rule driven
How are complementary distribution and free variation different? Free variation means
the allophones are interchangeable, but complementary distribution means the
allophones are only used in certain contexts
Coarticulation/assimilation overlapping of movements in the production of two or more
sounds
Anticipatory assimilation assimilation of one sound the prepare for the next one
Example of anticipatory assimilation good bye --> gu bye
, Retentive assimilation a feature of an earlier segment persists into the realization of a
later segment
Example of retentive assimilation me (velopharynx still open for e) vs tea (velopharynx
not open bc t is not a nasal sound)
Another word for retentive assimilation regressive assumption
How are anticipatory and retentive assimilation different? Anticipatory - the first sound
changes Retentive - the second sound changes
Spreading/shingling the characteristics permeate nearby sounds (input -> imput)
Blending a word formed from 2 or more words (glamping, hangry,
Broad vs. narrow transcription broad uses slashes (//) and no diacritic marks, only
phonemes. narrow uses brackets ([ ]) and diacritics in addition to phonemes
IPA International Phonetic Alphabet
Minimal contrast/minimal pairs a pair of morphemes or words that differ in pronunciation
by only a single segment. Minimal pairs are basic to the discovery of phonemes in a
language.
minimal pair examples dog/bog, rag/tag/hag/bag, bog/bot/bomb
3 systems of speech production respiratory, laryngeal, supralaryngeal
Respiratory system of speech production lungs, trachea, rib cage, abdomen and
associated muscles (pecs, diaphragm); sound SOURCE
Laryngeal system of speech production larynx (voice box/vocal folds); controls
phonation and voicing
Supralaryngeal system of speech pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity, lips, tongue, jaw, and
nasal cavity; articulators
another word for supra laryngeal system of speech pharyngeal-oral-nasal system of
speech
Egressive air coming out of the lungs and mouth to form a sound
Ingressive air coming into the mouth and lungs to form a sound
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
Phoneme definition smallest unit of sound that can distinguish from a morpheme
Morpheme definition smallest unit of language that carries meaning
Morpheme examples dog, -s, -ed, pre-, mouth
Vowel reduction shortening or unstressing of a vowel
In vowel reduction, what is the MOST reduced vowel schwa
Diphthongs a vowel-like sound that serves as a syllable nucleus and involves a gradual
transition from one vowel to another
Onglide the first vowel sound in a diphthong
Offglide the second/last vowel sound in a diphthong
Monophthongization alteration of a diphthong to a pure vowel; involves unstressing of
the diphthong
Allophones one of the sound variants of a specific phoneme, often used in a specific
phonetic context
Complementary distribution Two or more allophones that occur in mutually exclusive
phonetic contexts
Free variation allophones that may be exchanged for one another in a particular
phonetic context- not rule driven
How are complementary distribution and free variation different? Free variation means
the allophones are interchangeable, but complementary distribution means the
allophones are only used in certain contexts
Coarticulation/assimilation overlapping of movements in the production of two or more
sounds
Anticipatory assimilation assimilation of one sound the prepare for the next one
Example of anticipatory assimilation good bye --> gu bye
, Retentive assimilation a feature of an earlier segment persists into the realization of a
later segment
Example of retentive assimilation me (velopharynx still open for e) vs tea (velopharynx
not open bc t is not a nasal sound)
Another word for retentive assimilation regressive assumption
How are anticipatory and retentive assimilation different? Anticipatory - the first sound
changes Retentive - the second sound changes
Spreading/shingling the characteristics permeate nearby sounds (input -> imput)
Blending a word formed from 2 or more words (glamping, hangry,
Broad vs. narrow transcription broad uses slashes (//) and no diacritic marks, only
phonemes. narrow uses brackets ([ ]) and diacritics in addition to phonemes
IPA International Phonetic Alphabet
Minimal contrast/minimal pairs a pair of morphemes or words that differ in pronunciation
by only a single segment. Minimal pairs are basic to the discovery of phonemes in a
language.
minimal pair examples dog/bog, rag/tag/hag/bag, bog/bot/bomb
3 systems of speech production respiratory, laryngeal, supralaryngeal
Respiratory system of speech production lungs, trachea, rib cage, abdomen and
associated muscles (pecs, diaphragm); sound SOURCE
Laryngeal system of speech production larynx (voice box/vocal folds); controls
phonation and voicing
Supralaryngeal system of speech pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity, lips, tongue, jaw, and
nasal cavity; articulators
another word for supra laryngeal system of speech pharyngeal-oral-nasal system of
speech
Egressive air coming out of the lungs and mouth to form a sound
Ingressive air coming into the mouth and lungs to form a sound
