D772 EXAM SCRIPT EXAMS SET VIEW AHEAD
EXAM 2026 100% CORRECT.
◍ non-representative sample - a biased sample, fails to accurately
reflect the population
◍ volunteer sample - individuals have selected themselves to be
included
◍ voluntary response bias - occurs when sample members are self-
selected volunteers, as in voluntary samples
likely only people with strong opinions will volunteer, leading to
misrepresentation of data
◍ convenience sample - individuals are selected based on the
convenience of the researcher, often because they happen to be at the
right time and place
May create bias because may favor people based on time and location
◍ systematic sampling - Every nth item in the target population is
selected
May create bias if there are underlying patterns in directory
, ◍ nonresponse bias - bias introduced to a sample when a large
fraction of those sampled fails to respond
There is a danger that those who do respond are different from those
who don't, with respect to the variable of interest
◍ sampling frame - list of potential individuals to be sampled
◍ sampling frame error - a mismatch that may not be representative
of your entire desired population
◍ self-interest study - where the researchers have a vested interest in
the outcome
◍ response bias - Occurs when the responder gives inaccurate
responses for any reason, such as misunderstanding the question or
feeling pressured to provide a certain answer
◍ perceived lack of anonymity - A type of response bias which occurs
when the responder fears giving an honest answer might negatively
affect them, leading to dishonest or misleading responses
◍ loaded or leading question - Occurs when the question wording
influences the responses, leading to biased results.
◍ ways to distort a graph - -manipulation of the y axis to distort
differences
EXAM 2026 100% CORRECT.
◍ non-representative sample - a biased sample, fails to accurately
reflect the population
◍ volunteer sample - individuals have selected themselves to be
included
◍ voluntary response bias - occurs when sample members are self-
selected volunteers, as in voluntary samples
likely only people with strong opinions will volunteer, leading to
misrepresentation of data
◍ convenience sample - individuals are selected based on the
convenience of the researcher, often because they happen to be at the
right time and place
May create bias because may favor people based on time and location
◍ systematic sampling - Every nth item in the target population is
selected
May create bias if there are underlying patterns in directory
, ◍ nonresponse bias - bias introduced to a sample when a large
fraction of those sampled fails to respond
There is a danger that those who do respond are different from those
who don't, with respect to the variable of interest
◍ sampling frame - list of potential individuals to be sampled
◍ sampling frame error - a mismatch that may not be representative
of your entire desired population
◍ self-interest study - where the researchers have a vested interest in
the outcome
◍ response bias - Occurs when the responder gives inaccurate
responses for any reason, such as misunderstanding the question or
feeling pressured to provide a certain answer
◍ perceived lack of anonymity - A type of response bias which occurs
when the responder fears giving an honest answer might negatively
affect them, leading to dishonest or misleading responses
◍ loaded or leading question - Occurs when the question wording
influences the responses, leading to biased results.
◍ ways to distort a graph - -manipulation of the y axis to distort
differences
