BIO 111 FINAL EXAM TEST QUESTIONS WITH WELL DETAILED SOLUTIONS
G1 stage
stage prior to DNA replication; a cell grows in size, organelles increase in number, and
material accumulates for DNA synthesis
S stage
stage when DNA replication/synthesis occurs.
G2 stage
stage where synthesis of proteins occur.
prophase
chromatin has condensed, nucleolus disappears, nuclear envelope disintegrates, spindle
begins to take shape, two centrosomes move away from each other, form microtubules in
star-like-arrays--asters.
metaphase
centrosomes align at the metaphase plate.
anaphase
,sister chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes that move toward the
spindle poles.
telophase
daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear.
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm.
Characteristics of cancer cells
lack differentiation, abnormal nuclei, form tumors, undergo angiogenesis and metastasis.
meiosis
is nuclear divsion reducing the chromosome number from diploid (2n) to the haploid (1n)
number. (involves two nuclear divisions and produces four haploid daughter cells.
diploid (2n)
two of each type of chromosome are present.
haploid (1n)
only one type of each chromosome is present.
,gamete
haploid (1n) sex cell. Example: egg and sperm
zygote
diploid cell formed by the union of two gametes; the product of fertilization.
homologues
each set of chromosomes.
alleles
anternate form of a gene. (occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.
synapsis
homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis I.
bivalent
two homologous chromosomes that stay in close association during the first two phases of
meiosis I. (sometimes the term "tetrad" is used)
, gemetophyte
the haploid individual; may be larger or smaller than the diploid individual.
sporophyte
the diploid individual; may be larger or smaller than the haploid individual).
gametogenesis
development of the male and female sex gametes.
spermatogenesis
production of sperm.
oogenesis
production of eggs.
euploidy
the correct number of chromosomes in a species.
aneuploidy
G1 stage
stage prior to DNA replication; a cell grows in size, organelles increase in number, and
material accumulates for DNA synthesis
S stage
stage when DNA replication/synthesis occurs.
G2 stage
stage where synthesis of proteins occur.
prophase
chromatin has condensed, nucleolus disappears, nuclear envelope disintegrates, spindle
begins to take shape, two centrosomes move away from each other, form microtubules in
star-like-arrays--asters.
metaphase
centrosomes align at the metaphase plate.
anaphase
,sister chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes that move toward the
spindle poles.
telophase
daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear.
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm.
Characteristics of cancer cells
lack differentiation, abnormal nuclei, form tumors, undergo angiogenesis and metastasis.
meiosis
is nuclear divsion reducing the chromosome number from diploid (2n) to the haploid (1n)
number. (involves two nuclear divisions and produces four haploid daughter cells.
diploid (2n)
two of each type of chromosome are present.
haploid (1n)
only one type of each chromosome is present.
,gamete
haploid (1n) sex cell. Example: egg and sperm
zygote
diploid cell formed by the union of two gametes; the product of fertilization.
homologues
each set of chromosomes.
alleles
anternate form of a gene. (occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.
synapsis
homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis I.
bivalent
two homologous chromosomes that stay in close association during the first two phases of
meiosis I. (sometimes the term "tetrad" is used)
, gemetophyte
the haploid individual; may be larger or smaller than the diploid individual.
sporophyte
the diploid individual; may be larger or smaller than the haploid individual).
gametogenesis
development of the male and female sex gametes.
spermatogenesis
production of sperm.
oogenesis
production of eggs.
euploidy
the correct number of chromosomes in a species.
aneuploidy
