CHEM 219 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY MODULE 6 EXAM SCRIPT 2026
◉ Polarity in organic compounds. Answer: The property of having
distinct electrical poles due to the presence of electronegative
heteroatoms.
◉ Dipole arrows. Answer: Arrows used to indicate the direction and
extent of polarity in a molecule, pointing towards the more
electronegative atom.
◉ Net dipole. Answer: The overall dipole moment of a molecule,
calculated by adding together all dipole arrows.
◉ Acid. Answer: A substance that donates protons (H+) when added
to water.
◉ Base. Answer: A substance that accepts protons (H+) when added
to water.
◉ Hydronium ion. Answer: The ion formed when a proton (H+) is
added to a water molecule, represented as H3O+.
,◉ Dissociation. Answer: The process by which a compound
separates into its constituent ions in solution.
◉ Amphoteric. Answer: Materials that can act as either acids or
bases depending on the circumstances.
◉ pH indicators. Answer: Substances that change color in response
to the acidity or basicity of a solution.
◉ Strong acid. Answer: An acid that completely dissociates into its
ions in solution.
◉ Weak acid. Answer: An acid that partially dissociates into its ions
in solution.
◉ Conjugate Base. Answer: The material left behind when an acid
dissociates (loses its proton).
◉ Conjugate Base of HCl. Answer: Cl-
◉ Conjugate Acid. Answer: The base plus a proton.
◉ Conjugate Acid of Ammonia. Answer: The ammonium ion (NH4+).
, ◉ Conjugate Acid-Base Pair. Answer: An acid plus its conjugate base.
◉ Examples of Acids. Answer: HCl, acetic acid, carbonic acid,
phosphoric acid, lactic acid, citric acid.
◉ Examples of Bases. Answer: NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, NH3,
organic amines, and all 'antacids'.
◉ Identifying Conjugate Base. Answer: You should be able to identify
its conjugate base by seeing what happens when you take off an H+.
◉ Carboxylic Acids. Answer: Organic compounds which behave like
acids, characterized by a cluster of atoms at the end of a
hydrocarbon chain acting as a H+ donor.
◉ Generic Carboxylic Acid Structure. Answer: R-COOH, where R is
any hydrocarbon chain.
◉ Biological Role of Carboxylic Acids. Answer: Found mostly in their
charged form in biological systems, having donated their H+.
◉ Amino Acids. Answer: Contain the carboxylic acid group.
CHEMISTRY MODULE 6 EXAM SCRIPT 2026
◉ Polarity in organic compounds. Answer: The property of having
distinct electrical poles due to the presence of electronegative
heteroatoms.
◉ Dipole arrows. Answer: Arrows used to indicate the direction and
extent of polarity in a molecule, pointing towards the more
electronegative atom.
◉ Net dipole. Answer: The overall dipole moment of a molecule,
calculated by adding together all dipole arrows.
◉ Acid. Answer: A substance that donates protons (H+) when added
to water.
◉ Base. Answer: A substance that accepts protons (H+) when added
to water.
◉ Hydronium ion. Answer: The ion formed when a proton (H+) is
added to a water molecule, represented as H3O+.
,◉ Dissociation. Answer: The process by which a compound
separates into its constituent ions in solution.
◉ Amphoteric. Answer: Materials that can act as either acids or
bases depending on the circumstances.
◉ pH indicators. Answer: Substances that change color in response
to the acidity or basicity of a solution.
◉ Strong acid. Answer: An acid that completely dissociates into its
ions in solution.
◉ Weak acid. Answer: An acid that partially dissociates into its ions
in solution.
◉ Conjugate Base. Answer: The material left behind when an acid
dissociates (loses its proton).
◉ Conjugate Base of HCl. Answer: Cl-
◉ Conjugate Acid. Answer: The base plus a proton.
◉ Conjugate Acid of Ammonia. Answer: The ammonium ion (NH4+).
, ◉ Conjugate Acid-Base Pair. Answer: An acid plus its conjugate base.
◉ Examples of Acids. Answer: HCl, acetic acid, carbonic acid,
phosphoric acid, lactic acid, citric acid.
◉ Examples of Bases. Answer: NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, NH3,
organic amines, and all 'antacids'.
◉ Identifying Conjugate Base. Answer: You should be able to identify
its conjugate base by seeing what happens when you take off an H+.
◉ Carboxylic Acids. Answer: Organic compounds which behave like
acids, characterized by a cluster of atoms at the end of a
hydrocarbon chain acting as a H+ donor.
◉ Generic Carboxylic Acid Structure. Answer: R-COOH, where R is
any hydrocarbon chain.
◉ Biological Role of Carboxylic Acids. Answer: Found mostly in their
charged form in biological systems, having donated their H+.
◉ Amino Acids. Answer: Contain the carboxylic acid group.
