ADVS After midterm notes Introduction To Animal
Science Utah State University
ADVS After midterm notes Introduction To Animal
Science Utah State University
● Nature's most perfect food!Lactation
○ Protein
○ Fat
○ Lactose (milk sugar)
○ Minerals
○ Vitamins
○ Pigments
○ Enzymes
○ Water
● Milk Contributors
○ Cattle-cow
○ Goat-doe
○ Sheep-ewe
○ Buffalo-cow
○ Horses- mare
○ Donkeys-jennet
○ Reindeer or Caribou-cow
○ Yak-cow
○ Swine-sow
● Middle East- sheep and goat milk is primary food source
○ Major sheep milking and cheese making regions: Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, Iran,
Iraq.
● Lactation
○ Production of milk from a female mammalian mammary gland.
○ Physiologic characteristic of mammals. [Depends on species (breeding calendar)]
○ Mammals nurse young until weaned.
○ Parturition and hormones triggers the onset of lactation.
pg. 1
,ADVS After midterm notes Introduction To Animal
Science Utah State University
○ Sucking stimulus also assists with the onset and release of milk (Lactation).
○ Hormones are also involved and associated with the physiological aspects of
lactation.
○ The endocrine (hormone) substances considered vital for the preparation,
initiation, and maintenance of lactation are as follows
■ Progesterone [the hormone of pregnancy]
■ Estrogen
■ Prolactin
■ Oxytocin
○ Thus, Lactation is a “Neural-Hormonal” physiological process:
■ Neural = suckling
■ Hormonal = various hormones
○ The first milk a female mammal produces after her young are born is
“COLOSTRUM”
○ Colostrum- Critical first meal [Thicker, sticky, yellowish, lasts about 72 hours (3
days)]
○ Three important functions of colostrum of the newborn:
■ Unique high energy “nutritional” value. [brown fat-energy within the
newborn that gets used up quickly]
■ Unique “antibodies” from the dam to provide disease protection. [without
antibodies within 12-13 hours they cannot receive them] [The antibodies is
like getting a first vaccine]
■ “Laxative” properties to expedite intestinal motility and passage of first
feces (Muconium) [mucinium- first bowel movement] [newborn can get
hunched back if they don’t get first bowel out]
○ Colostrum:
■ The newborn animal has yet to develop antibodies of its own. [can get
them through exposure (but not too much)]
■ The newborn has to be exposed to the microorganisms to manufacture its
own antibodies. [Prenatal-before birth]
pg. 2
, ADVS After midterm notes Introduction To Animal
Science Utah State University
■ The gut wall (intestine) of newborn mammals are quite porous and allow
the large antibodies from the dam to enter the neonate’s body of basic
disease protection [neonate-newborn]
■ Within hours the newborn’s gut wall loses it’s porosity and the antibody
content and absorption greatly diminishes.
■ The antibodies absorbed by the newborn aid by giving it “PASSIVE
IMMUNITY”. [passive immunity-passed from mother] [acquired
immunity-given through vaccines]
○ Colostrum Composition: (bovine)
Component 1st Milking 2nd Milking 3rd Milking* Normal Milk
Total Solids (%) 23.9 14.1 13.6 12.9
Fat (%) 6.7 3.9 4.4 4.0
Protein (%) 14.0 5.1 4.1 3.1
Lactose (%) 2.7 4.4 4.7 5.0
Vitamin A (ug/dl) 295 113 74 34
Immuno-globulins 6.0 2.4 1.0 0.1
(%)
Animal Mammary Glands Teats
Cow 4 4
Doe 2 2
Ewe 2 2
Sow 12 12
Mare 4 2
● [Alex Gram Bell- bred ewes for 4 teats]
● [Horses have more mammary glands because the have to make a lot of milk]
pg. 3
, ADVS After midterm notes Introduction To Animal
Science Utah State University
● Lactation
○ The Udder
■ Teat-can grow odd so that newborn
cannot reach it.
■ Median suspensory ligament- Can
get damaged and cause the cow ot
limp or
■
Alveoli-also one in lungs
■ Teat
meatus-where mastitis begins
■
Epithelial cells- produce milk
■ Lumen-empty space ○Milking Machines:
■ Vacuum level + pulsation rates
■ Not same for all animals
walk oddly.
■ Adjusted per species
○ Mastitis-inflammation of mammary gland
■ Caused by bacteria (unclean conditions)
pg. 4
Science Utah State University
ADVS After midterm notes Introduction To Animal
Science Utah State University
● Nature's most perfect food!Lactation
○ Protein
○ Fat
○ Lactose (milk sugar)
○ Minerals
○ Vitamins
○ Pigments
○ Enzymes
○ Water
● Milk Contributors
○ Cattle-cow
○ Goat-doe
○ Sheep-ewe
○ Buffalo-cow
○ Horses- mare
○ Donkeys-jennet
○ Reindeer or Caribou-cow
○ Yak-cow
○ Swine-sow
● Middle East- sheep and goat milk is primary food source
○ Major sheep milking and cheese making regions: Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, Iran,
Iraq.
● Lactation
○ Production of milk from a female mammalian mammary gland.
○ Physiologic characteristic of mammals. [Depends on species (breeding calendar)]
○ Mammals nurse young until weaned.
○ Parturition and hormones triggers the onset of lactation.
pg. 1
,ADVS After midterm notes Introduction To Animal
Science Utah State University
○ Sucking stimulus also assists with the onset and release of milk (Lactation).
○ Hormones are also involved and associated with the physiological aspects of
lactation.
○ The endocrine (hormone) substances considered vital for the preparation,
initiation, and maintenance of lactation are as follows
■ Progesterone [the hormone of pregnancy]
■ Estrogen
■ Prolactin
■ Oxytocin
○ Thus, Lactation is a “Neural-Hormonal” physiological process:
■ Neural = suckling
■ Hormonal = various hormones
○ The first milk a female mammal produces after her young are born is
“COLOSTRUM”
○ Colostrum- Critical first meal [Thicker, sticky, yellowish, lasts about 72 hours (3
days)]
○ Three important functions of colostrum of the newborn:
■ Unique high energy “nutritional” value. [brown fat-energy within the
newborn that gets used up quickly]
■ Unique “antibodies” from the dam to provide disease protection. [without
antibodies within 12-13 hours they cannot receive them] [The antibodies is
like getting a first vaccine]
■ “Laxative” properties to expedite intestinal motility and passage of first
feces (Muconium) [mucinium- first bowel movement] [newborn can get
hunched back if they don’t get first bowel out]
○ Colostrum:
■ The newborn animal has yet to develop antibodies of its own. [can get
them through exposure (but not too much)]
■ The newborn has to be exposed to the microorganisms to manufacture its
own antibodies. [Prenatal-before birth]
pg. 2
, ADVS After midterm notes Introduction To Animal
Science Utah State University
■ The gut wall (intestine) of newborn mammals are quite porous and allow
the large antibodies from the dam to enter the neonate’s body of basic
disease protection [neonate-newborn]
■ Within hours the newborn’s gut wall loses it’s porosity and the antibody
content and absorption greatly diminishes.
■ The antibodies absorbed by the newborn aid by giving it “PASSIVE
IMMUNITY”. [passive immunity-passed from mother] [acquired
immunity-given through vaccines]
○ Colostrum Composition: (bovine)
Component 1st Milking 2nd Milking 3rd Milking* Normal Milk
Total Solids (%) 23.9 14.1 13.6 12.9
Fat (%) 6.7 3.9 4.4 4.0
Protein (%) 14.0 5.1 4.1 3.1
Lactose (%) 2.7 4.4 4.7 5.0
Vitamin A (ug/dl) 295 113 74 34
Immuno-globulins 6.0 2.4 1.0 0.1
(%)
Animal Mammary Glands Teats
Cow 4 4
Doe 2 2
Ewe 2 2
Sow 12 12
Mare 4 2
● [Alex Gram Bell- bred ewes for 4 teats]
● [Horses have more mammary glands because the have to make a lot of milk]
pg. 3
, ADVS After midterm notes Introduction To Animal
Science Utah State University
● Lactation
○ The Udder
■ Teat-can grow odd so that newborn
cannot reach it.
■ Median suspensory ligament- Can
get damaged and cause the cow ot
limp or
■
Alveoli-also one in lungs
■ Teat
meatus-where mastitis begins
■
Epithelial cells- produce milk
■ Lumen-empty space ○Milking Machines:
■ Vacuum level + pulsation rates
■ Not same for all animals
walk oddly.
■ Adjusted per species
○ Mastitis-inflammation of mammary gland
■ Caused by bacteria (unclean conditions)
pg. 4
