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samenvatting bloedsomloop -ALLE proffen

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Dit document is een samenvatting van alle lessen bloedsomloop, met uitzondering van prof Voigt (echocardiografie). De samenvatting werd gemaakt mbv de slides, eigen notities en het boek voor ECG en cardiale heelkunde (en vaatheelkunde waar nodig). Opgelet, ik gebruik geen afbeeldingen in mijn samenvatting, ik neem altijd de powerpoints bij de hand op de computer. Het is geschreven voor de 1ste master maar ik denk ook bruikbaar voor 3de bachelor. Het bevat ook de 2 belangrijkste klinische colleges : atheromatose en stolling.

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Bloedsomloop
Inhoudsopgave

1 lichamelijk onderzoek vaatpathologie ...................................................................... 8
1.1 chronische arteriele insufficientie onderste ledematen.............................................. 8
1.2 acute ischemie .............................................................................................. 11
1.3 chronische arteriele insufficientie van de viscera .................................................... 12
1.4 arteriele insufficientie van de extracraniele vaten .................................................. 12
1.5 aneurysmatisch lijden ..................................................................................... 13

2. niet invasieve vaatdiagnostiek .............................................................................. 14

1. Anamnese in de cardiologie ................................................................................. 17
1.1 Thoracale pijn .............................................................................................. 17
1.2 Kortademigheid............................................................................................. 20
1.3 Hartkloppingen ............................................................................................. 21
1.4 Flauwvallen – syncope ..................................................................................... 23

2. semeiologie ..................................................................................................... 24
2.1 inspectie ..................................................................................................... 24
2.2 palpatie / percussie ....................................................................................... 28
2.3 auscultatie .................................................................................................. 29

1. prevalentie en ziektelast van CV aandoeningen ........................................................ 34

2. Hart en vaatlijden volgt gekend en voorspelbaar verloop ............................................ 34

3. cardiovasculaire risicofactoren ............................................................................. 35

4. Paradox preventie? ........................................................................................... 36

5. preventie – algemene principes ............................................................................ 36

6. Risico inschatten/berekenen ................................................................................ 37

7. preventie : levensstijl ........................................................................................ 38

8. risico behandelen ............................................................................................. 38

Bloedsomloop 7SP 1

,1. stolling en antistolling ........................................................................................ 40
1.1 trombose vs hemostase.................................................................................... 40
1.2 hoe werkt stolling .......................................................................................... 40
1.3 hoe ingrijpen op stolling .................................................................................. 43

2. veneuze trombo-embolie .................................................................................... 45
2.1 Ontstaansmechanisme ..................................................................................... 47

2.2 Klinische presentatie DVT ................................................................................ 47
2.3 Diagnose DVT ................................................................................................ 48
2.4 behandeling DVT ........................................................................................... 49
2.5 etiologie longembool ...................................................................................... 49
2.6 kliniek longembool ......................................................................................... 49
2.7 diagnose longembool ...................................................................................... 50
2.8 behandeling VTE ............................................................................................ 51

3. bloedingsziekten .............................................................................................. 53
3.1 bloedingsanamnese ........................................................................................ 55
3.2 bloedingsziektes ............................................................................................ 56

4. stolling kliniek ................................................................................................. 59

1. beeldvorming ................................................................................................... 63
1.1 Catheter-angiografie ...................................................................................... 63
1.2 Computer tomografie ..................................................................................... 64
1.3 kernspintomografie ........................................................................................ 64

2. echocardiografie ............................................................................................... 64

3.labotesten ....................................................................................................... 64

3.1 bepaling cholesterol voor CV risico ..................................................................... 66
3.2 high sensitivity troponine vanuit labo perspectief ................................................... 66
3.3 B-type natriuretic peptide vanuit labo perspectief .................................................. 67
3.4 casussen ...................................................................................................... 68

1. inleiding ......................................................................................................... 70
1.1 van actiepotentiaal tot ECG .............................................................................. 70
1.2 terminologie ................................................................................................ 72
1.3 registratie ................................................................................................... 73
1.4 indicaties .................................................................................................... 74
1.5 ECG protocol ................................................................................................ 74


Bloedsomloop 7SP 2

,2. het normale ECG ............................................................................................... 74
2.1 ritme ......................................................................................................... 74
2.2 frequentie ................................................................................................... 75
2.3 QRS-as ........................................................................................................ 75
2.4 morfologie QRS complex .................................................................................. 76
2.5 morfologie ST segment .................................................................................... 77
2.6 morfologie T golf ........................................................................................... 77

3. hypertrofie...................................................................................................... 78
3.1 linker voorkamerhypertrofie ............................................................................. 78
3.2 rechter voorkamer hypertrofie .......................................................................... 78
3.3 linker ventrikel hypertrofie .............................................................................. 79
3.4 rechter ventrikel hypertrofie ............................................................................ 80
3.5 biventriculaire hypertrofie ............................................................................... 80

4. bradycardie en geleidingsstoornissen ..................................................................... 81
4.1 geleidingsstoornissen ...................................................................................... 81
4.2 bradycardie.................................................................................................. 82

5. ischemie ......................................................................................................... 86
5.1 pathofysiologie van elektrocardiografische manifestatie ........................................... 86
5.2 lokalisatie van infarct ..................................................................................... 90
5.3 differentieel diagnose ..................................................................................... 90
5.4 hoog risico patronen ....................................................................................... 92

6. ritmestoornissen ............................................................................................... 93
6.1 pathofysiologische mechanismen van ritmestoornissen ............................................. 93

6.2 anti-aritmica ................................................................................................ 95
6.3 indeling van ritmestoornissen ........................................................................... 100
6.4 anamnese bij ritmestoornissen ......................................................................... 101
6.5 specifieke ritmestoornissen ............................................................................. 103
6.6 artificial intelligence en het ECG ...................................................................... 115

7. besluit ......................................................................................................... 115

1. hypertensie (Vanassche) ................................................................................... 117
1.1 definitie, epidemiologie en belang..................................................................... 117
1.2 pathofysiologie en orgaanschade ....................................................................... 118
1.3 meting bloeddruk ......................................................................................... 120


Bloedsomloop 7SP 3

, 1.4 risicostratificatie .......................................................................................... 121
1.5 diagnostiek en evaluatie ................................................................................. 121
1.6 niet farmacologische therapie .......................................................................... 121
1.7 farmacologische therapie ................................................................................ 121
1.8 samenvatting ............................................................................................... 122

2. coronair lijden (Adriaenssens) ............................................................................ 122

2.1 inleiding .................................................................................................... 122
2.2 coronair lijden ............................................................................................. 123
2.3 klinische manifestaties ................................................................................... 124
2.4 acuut coronair syndroom ................................................................................. 125
2.5 chronisch coronair syndroom ............................................................................ 129
2.6 klinisch college ............................................................................................ 131

3. Hartfalen (Van Aelst) ....................................................................................... 133
3.1 definitie .................................................................................................... 133
3.2 terminologie ............................................................................................... 134
3.3 epidemiologie .............................................................................................. 134
3.4 etiologie .................................................................................................... 135
3.5 pathofysiologie ............................................................................................ 135
3.6 hemodynamiek ............................................................................................. 137
3.7 klinische manifestaties ................................................................................... 138
3.8 behandeling ................................................................................................ 139

4. kleplijden (dubois) .......................................................................................... 140
4.1 mitralisklepstenose ....................................................................................... 141

4.2 mitralisklepinsufficientie ................................................................................ 142
4.3 aortaklepstenose .......................................................................................... 144
4.4 aortaklepinsufficientie ................................................................................... 145
4.5 Tricuspiedklep-insufficientie ............................................................................ 146
4.6 Tricuspiedklep-stenose ................................................................................... 147

5. Endocarditis (Dubois) ....................................................................................... 148

6. congenitale hartafwijkingen (Budts) .................................................................... 151
6.1 het normale hart .......................................................................................... 151
6.2 malpositie en malconnectie ............................................................................. 151
6.3 gecorrigeerde transpositie van grote arteries (L-TGA) ............................................. 152
6.4 niet-cyanogene hartvitia met links rechts shunt..................................................... 153

Bloedsomloop 7SP 4

, 6.5 niet-cyanogene hartvitia met linker hartobstructie ................................................ 156
6.6 niet-cyanogene hartvitia met rechter hartafwijkingen ............................................. 160
6.7 cyanogene hartvitia ....................................................................................... 161

7. pericard en myocardaandoeningen (Robyns) .......................................................... 165
7.0 Inleiding .................................................................................................... 165
7.1 inflammatoire myopericardiale syndromen........................................................... 166

7.2 primaire myocardaandoeningen ........................................................................ 170

8. Cardiochirurgie (Meuris) ................................................................................... 173
8.1 coronair lijden ............................................................................................. 173
8.2 hartfalen.................................................................................................... 176
8.3 het kunsthart .............................................................................................. 178
8.4 toegangswegen ............................................................................................ 179
8.5 klepchirurgie ............................................................................................... 179
8.6 aortapathologie ........................................................................................... 183
8.7 pericardpathologie ........................................................................................ 184
8.8 cardiale tumoren .......................................................................................... 185

1. chronische arteriele insufficentie onderste ledematen ............................................. 187
1.1 etiologie en epidemiologie .............................................................................. 187
1.2 pathogenese ................................................................................................ 187
1.3 natuurlijke evolutie ...................................................................................... 187
1.4 symptomatologie .......................................................................................... 188
1.5 diagnose .................................................................................................... 189
1.6 DD bij pijn in benen bij stappen ........................................................................ 190

1.7 prognose .................................................................................................... 191
1.8 Medische behandeling .................................................................................... 192
1.9 chirurgische behandeling ................................................................................ 193

2. acute ischemie van de ledematen ....................................................................... 199
2.1 pathogenese ................................................................................................ 199
2.2 oorzaken .................................................................................................... 200
2.3 diagnose .................................................................................................... 202
2.4 prognose .................................................................................................... 203
2.5 behandeling ................................................................................................ 203
2.6 preventie van recidief .................................................................................... 205

3. arteriele insufficientie van supra-aortische vaten ................................................... 205

Bloedsomloop 7SP 5

, 3.1 carotis lijden ............................................................................................... 205
3.2 atherosclerose van A subclavia ......................................................................... 209

4. arteriele insufficientie van de viscerale vaten ........................................................ 210
4.1 acute mesenteriale ischemie = acute darmischemie (AD) .......................................... 210
4.2 chronische mesenteriale ischemie...................................................................... 211
4.3 nierarteriestenose ........................................................................................ 212

5. aneurysmatisch lijden ...................................................................................... 213
5.1 definitie .................................................................................................... 213
5.2 etiologie .................................................................................................... 214
5.3 aneurysma van aorta abdominalis (AAA) .............................................................. 215
5.4 thoracale en thoraco-abdominale aneurysmata...................................................... 219
5.5 aneurysma’s van andere slagaders ..................................................................... 222

6. dissectie van de aorta ...................................................................................... 225
6.1 inleiding .................................................................................................... 225
6.2 incidentie ................................................................................................... 226
6.3 oorzaken .................................................................................................... 226
6.4 pathologie .................................................................................................. 226
6.5 symptomen ................................................................................................. 227
6.6 klinisch onderzoek ........................................................................................ 228
6.7 diagnose .................................................................................................... 228
6.8 behandeling ................................................................................................ 229

7. exoten – niet ahteromateuze vaatpathologie .......................................................... 230
7.1 adventitionele cyste van A poplitea ................................................................... 230

7.2 thoracic outlet syndroom (TOS)......................................................................... 231
7.3 popliteaal entrapment ................................................................................... 233
7.4 endofibrose van A iliaca.................................................................................. 233
7.5 fibromusculaire dysplasie ................................................................................ 234
7.6 inflammatoire aandoeningen (artritis) ................................................................ 234

8. congenitale vasculaire malformaties en hemangiomen ............................................. 239
8.1 hemangiomen .............................................................................................. 239
8.2 congenitale malformaties................................................................................ 239

9. veneuze pathologie ......................................................................................... 240
9.1 oppervlakkige veneuze insufficientie (varices) ...................................................... 240


Bloedsomloop 7SP 6

, 9.2 diepe veneuze insufficientie ............................................................................ 243
9.3 oppervlakkige tromboflebitis ........................................................................... 244
9.4 diepe veneuze trombose ................................................................................. 245
9.5 vena cava superior syndroom............................................................................ 245
9.6 vena cava inferior syndroom ............................................................................ 246

10. lymfoedeem ................................................................................................. 246

11. vasospastische aandoeningen en arteriele embolie ................................................ 248
11.1 arteriele tromboembolie ............................................................................... 248
11.2 vasculaire acrosyndromen – vasospastische aandoeningen ........................................ 250




Bloedsomloop 7SP 7

, Deel 1 : semeiologie Vaat

1 lichamelijk onderzoek vaatpathologie

Semeiologie = studie van de klinische tekens
à symptomatologie
à klinische tekenen
à technische onderzoeken

3 delen : arterieel – veneus – lymfe



arteriele vaatpathologie

- Occlusief lijden
o Atheromateus VS niet atheromateus
à vooral dit à zelden
o Perifeer VS visceraal VS extra cranieel
à vooral benen à darmen/nieren à halsvaten!!
o Acuut VS chronisch
- Aneurysmatisch lijden
- Dissectie



veneuze vaatpathologie

- Trombose
o Soort occlusief lijden
- Klepinsufficientie
o Arteries hebben geen kleppen!



Lymfe vaatpathologie

- Primair lymfoedeem
- Secundair lymfeoedeem




1.1 chronische arteriele insufficientie onderste ledematen

Symptomen via stadia van Fontaine


Bloedsomloop 7SP 8

, - Stadium I : asymptomatisch
o hoe vaststellen? à pulsaties en bloeddrukken in onderste ledemaat
- Stadium II : claudicatio intermittens
o IIA : > 250m
o IIB : < 250m
o Typisch uit anamnese te halen
§ In 1 spiergroep! Niet de ene keer in de een en andere keer in de ander
§ Na vaste hoeveelheid arbeid
§ Dwingt tot stoppen
§ Rust doet klacht verdwijnen
• Hoeft niet perse te zitten <-> artrose
§ Localisatie pijn <-> localisatie letsel
• Hoge claudicatio = bil, dij
• Lage claudicatio = kuit
• Voetclaudicatio
o Rose questionnaire
§ Hebt u pijn in 1 of beide kuiten?
§ Wordt de pijn uitgelokt door inspanning? (ja)
§ Hebt u gelijkaardige klachten in rust? (nee)
§ Dwingt de pijn u om de inspanning te stoppen? (ja)
§ Verdwijnt de pijn binnen 10sec rust? (ja)
§ Verergert de pijn met doorzetten inspanning? (ja)
- Stadium III : ischemische rustpijn
o Paresthesieen en stekende pijnen in acrale delen
§ nachtpijn à enkel liggende houding
§ Rustpijn à ook zittend
§ Acraal!!! à tenen, laag been
o Geisoleerde kuitkramp = GEEN ischemische rustpijn à begint altijd in teen
o Voet buiten bed laten hangen à zwaartekracht helpt bloedsomloop
o DD polyneuropathie
§ Paresthesien
• koudeGEVOEL à huid niet koud
• branderig gevoel
§ zeer hardnekkig
§ dag en nacht
§ geen invloed door houdingsverandering zoals hierboven
§ !! post ischemische neuritis : na behandeling chronische arteriele insuff,
kan pt hier nog lang last van hebben
- Stadium IV : niet helende wonden of gangreen
o Spontaan, na banaal trauma of kleine ingrepen

Bloedsomloop 7SP 9

, § Banaal vb door schoenen
o Traag of niet helend à door tekort O2
o Scherpe pijn
§ ó diabetische neuropathie
o Beteren bij afhangen been
o Evolutie naar necrose/gangreen
- Kritische ischemie = chronsiche lidmaatbedreigende ischemie
o 1 : ischemische rustpijn met dagelijks nood aan analgetica > 2 weken
o 2 : aanwezigheid wonden of gangreen MET
§ Enkeldruk < 50mmHg voor niet diabetici
§ Teendruk < 30mmHg voor diabetici
o Grote kans amputatie
o Dunne glanzende huid
o Kleine wondjes
o Roodheid



Klinisch onderzoek


- Je verwacht bleke voet
o Soms knalrood à lichaam wilt zich aanpassen, bloed zoekt weg uit via capillairen
die in huid zitten
- Inspectie
o Droge huid
o xanthomata
o Doffe, gele, dikke, traag en onregelmatig groeiende nagels
o Verminderde beharing
o Traag helende wonden
- Hoogstandsproef
o Lidmaat 3 minuten omhoog
o Daarna neerhangen been
o Cijfers niet kennen
- Palpatie
o Verminderde huidtemperatuur
§ = meestal onbetrouwbaar
o Hot knee! à A poplitea met veel collateralen
o Arteriele pulsaties
§ Zowel aanwezigheid als kwaliteit beoordelen
§ Vergelijk
§ Start bij aorta



Bloedsomloop 7SP 10

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