BIO 235 MIDTERM 1 EXAM BLUEPRINT
QUESTIONS 2026.
◍ carbonic acid buffer system. Ans: adds or removes H+
compensating for either excess or shortage of H
◍ monomers. Ans: dehydration joins the two monomers (hydrogen
and hydroxide removed to form water)-connecting monomers form
polymers
◍ isomers. Ans: have the same formula but different structures
◍ carbohydrates are made up of?. Ans: sugars, glycogen, starches,
and cellulose
◍ monosaccharide. Ans: a simple sugar containing 3-7 carbon atoms
ending in "ose"
◍ disaccharide. Ans: simple sugar formed from a combo of two
monosaccharides
◍ polysaccharide. Ans: contains 10-1000s of monosaccharides
through dehydration synthesis-startches and cellulose
,◍ glycogen. Ans: a polysaccharide made entirely of glucose
monomers- they are carbs stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal
muscles
◍ starches. Ans: polysaccharide formed from glucose in plants in
plants and can be broken down
◍ cellulose. Ans: polysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that
can't be digested by humans-forms stool
◍ lipids. Ans: are mostly non polar and hydrophobic
◍ lipoprotein. Ans: lipid molecules join with hydrophobic protein
molecules to help them become soluble
◍ fatty acids. Ans: used to synthesize triglycerides and
phospholipids- can catabolize to generate ATP
◍ saturated bonds. Ans: single bonds between C and H
◍ unsaturated bonds. Ans: double bonds (produce kink) between C
and H
◍ triglycerides. Ans: fats and oils made of a single glycerol and
three fatty acids
, ◍ glycerol. Ans: 3 carbon chain forming the backbone of
triglycerides with one fatty acid attached to each carbon
◍ phospholipids. Ans: have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid
chains (tails-non polar) attached to them and a phosphate group at the
3rd carbon (head-polar)
◍ steroid. Ans: 4 rings of carbon and are polar with an OH group
and hydrocarbon tail-cholesterol
◍ eicosanoids and two substances it contains. Ans: lipids derived
from a 20 carbon fatty acid called arachidonic acid containing
a. prostaglandis
b. leukotrienes-allergy and inflammation response
◍ structural proteins. Ans: form framework of body parts
◍ regulatory proteins. Ans: function as hormones that regulate
physiological processes-contorl growth and development,
neurotransmitters
ex.insulin
◍ contractile proteins. Ans: shortening of muscles creating
movement
ex.myosin and actin
, ◍ immunological proteins. Ans: aid responses that protect body
against foreign substances and invading pathogens
ex.antiobodies
◍ transport proteins. Ans: carry vital substances through the body
◍ catalytic proteins. Ans: enemies that regulate chemical reactions
◍ amino acids. Ans: monomers of proteins each have an hydrogen
atom and three functional groups-protein is made by joining amino
acids
◍ what are the functional groups of amino acids. Ans: amino,
carboxyl (acidic) group, and side R chain group
◍ peptide. Ans: the bond joining each pair of amino acids forming
between the C of the carboxyl group and N of the amino producing
water as a product
◍ structural organization of proteins. Ans: 1)primary-the peptide
chain
2)secondary- twisting and folding of the amino acids in the chain
(helixes or beta pleated sheats)
3)Tertiary-3-D shape (chaperone helps aid in the folding process)
4)Quaternary-proteins that contain more than one polypeptide chain-
not in all proteins
QUESTIONS 2026.
◍ carbonic acid buffer system. Ans: adds or removes H+
compensating for either excess or shortage of H
◍ monomers. Ans: dehydration joins the two monomers (hydrogen
and hydroxide removed to form water)-connecting monomers form
polymers
◍ isomers. Ans: have the same formula but different structures
◍ carbohydrates are made up of?. Ans: sugars, glycogen, starches,
and cellulose
◍ monosaccharide. Ans: a simple sugar containing 3-7 carbon atoms
ending in "ose"
◍ disaccharide. Ans: simple sugar formed from a combo of two
monosaccharides
◍ polysaccharide. Ans: contains 10-1000s of monosaccharides
through dehydration synthesis-startches and cellulose
,◍ glycogen. Ans: a polysaccharide made entirely of glucose
monomers- they are carbs stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal
muscles
◍ starches. Ans: polysaccharide formed from glucose in plants in
plants and can be broken down
◍ cellulose. Ans: polysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that
can't be digested by humans-forms stool
◍ lipids. Ans: are mostly non polar and hydrophobic
◍ lipoprotein. Ans: lipid molecules join with hydrophobic protein
molecules to help them become soluble
◍ fatty acids. Ans: used to synthesize triglycerides and
phospholipids- can catabolize to generate ATP
◍ saturated bonds. Ans: single bonds between C and H
◍ unsaturated bonds. Ans: double bonds (produce kink) between C
and H
◍ triglycerides. Ans: fats and oils made of a single glycerol and
three fatty acids
, ◍ glycerol. Ans: 3 carbon chain forming the backbone of
triglycerides with one fatty acid attached to each carbon
◍ phospholipids. Ans: have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid
chains (tails-non polar) attached to them and a phosphate group at the
3rd carbon (head-polar)
◍ steroid. Ans: 4 rings of carbon and are polar with an OH group
and hydrocarbon tail-cholesterol
◍ eicosanoids and two substances it contains. Ans: lipids derived
from a 20 carbon fatty acid called arachidonic acid containing
a. prostaglandis
b. leukotrienes-allergy and inflammation response
◍ structural proteins. Ans: form framework of body parts
◍ regulatory proteins. Ans: function as hormones that regulate
physiological processes-contorl growth and development,
neurotransmitters
ex.insulin
◍ contractile proteins. Ans: shortening of muscles creating
movement
ex.myosin and actin
, ◍ immunological proteins. Ans: aid responses that protect body
against foreign substances and invading pathogens
ex.antiobodies
◍ transport proteins. Ans: carry vital substances through the body
◍ catalytic proteins. Ans: enemies that regulate chemical reactions
◍ amino acids. Ans: monomers of proteins each have an hydrogen
atom and three functional groups-protein is made by joining amino
acids
◍ what are the functional groups of amino acids. Ans: amino,
carboxyl (acidic) group, and side R chain group
◍ peptide. Ans: the bond joining each pair of amino acids forming
between the C of the carboxyl group and N of the amino producing
water as a product
◍ structural organization of proteins. Ans: 1)primary-the peptide
chain
2)secondary- twisting and folding of the amino acids in the chain
(helixes or beta pleated sheats)
3)Tertiary-3-D shape (chaperone helps aid in the folding process)
4)Quaternary-proteins that contain more than one polypeptide chain-
not in all proteins
