OPENSTAX MICROBIOLOGY CHAPTER 13,14,15,16 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.

OPENSTAX MICROBIOLOGY CHAPTER
13,14,15,16 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.




Sterilization - ANS The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores.
Vegetative cell, bacterial endospore, virus



Disinfection - ANS A process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception
of bacteria spores, from inanimate objects



Sanitation - ANS Reduce microbial load of an inanimate item to safe public health levels
**use heat or antimicrobial{



Antiseptic - ANS Prevent contamination of sterile surface, remove microbes from skin &
tissues



Cidal - ANS Agents kill the microbes

Bactericidal , virucidal,fungicidal



Static - ANS Agent that inhibit growth of the microbe allowing the immune system to catch
up



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, Decimal Reduction Time (DRT) - ANS the time, in minutes, in which 90% of a population of
bacteria at a given temperature will be killed



Methods of microbial control - ANS physical and chemical



Physical methods of microbial control - ANS Exposure to extremes of heat

Exposure to extremes of cold

Desiccation

Filtration

Osmotic pressure

Radiation



Chemical Methods of Microbial Control - ANS concentration of disinfectant, organic matter,
pH, time



Fermentation microbial control - ANS Process by which cells release energy in the absence of
oxygen



osmotic pressure microbial control - ANS uses high concentrations of sugar and salt to inhibit
microbial growth. removes water so microbes cant function



septicemia - ANS growth of bacteria in the blood



Low temperature microbial control - ANS inhibits microbial growth (refrigeration, deep
freezing, lyophilization)



High pressure microbial control - ANS denatures proteins

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