NURS 3303 PATHO EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
2025/2026
Etiologies factors that can cause cellular adaptive changes? - Answers Damage to cell
membrane
Reduce levels of ATP
Changes in metabolic
Changes in pH
Etiologic factors that can cause cellular maladaptive changes? - Answers Chemical exposure
Hypoxia
Genetic mutations
Chronic inflammation
Nutrition deficiencies
What are the common cellular adaptations that occur in the body? - Answers Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
My pleasure
Dysplasia
What are the common cellular maladaptive changes that occur in the body? - Answers
Hyperplasia (increase the number of cells)
Metaplasia (mature cell replaced by another mature cell type)
Dysplasia (cell changes in size shape, and increases rate of mitosis)
Neoplasia (new growth; tumor)
What is endothelial injury? - Answers Cells that are easily damaged
-endothelium is the lining of arterial blood vessels (largest organ in body)
What is ischemic tissue damage? - Answers Reduce blood supply to the tissue
, -caused by pulmonary disease, anemia, cardiac arrest, poor circulation, or obstruction of blood
flow
What is an infarction of a tissue? - Answers Death of tissue due to prolonged ischemia
(ischemic necrosis)
-The brain and heart cells infarct within minutes
-Skeletal muscle can last for hours
What is the most common cause of cell injury? - Answers hypoxia
What is apoptosis? - Answers programmed cell death
What is necrosis? - Answers Cell death caused by an injury(hypoxia)
What is the first indication of hypoxia? - Answers When tissue changes color (blue)
What is physiologic hypertrophy? - Answers Sell in large bit with a company in support of
structures (exercise)
What is benign neoplasia? - Answers cells are well differentiated and contained within one
location
What is malignant neoplasia? - Answers neoplasm are poorly different and have a tendency to
metastasize
What is osmotic pressure within the bloodstream? - Answers PULL FORCE
-Created by solutes (albumin)
- Move it from the ICF to ECF capillary
What is hydrostatic pressure within the bloodstream? - Answers PUSH FORCE
-pushing water from the ECF into the ICF
Describe starlings laws of capillaries forces and factors influencing fluid movement between
the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. - Answers How much stasis equals
hydrostatic an osmotic pressure or equal at every capillary-cell interface
Identify causes of abnormally low levels of significant electrolytes within the bloodstream. -
Answers fewer solute in a solution (fluid overload)
Identify causes of abnormally elevated levels of significant electrolytes within the bloodstream.
- Answers more solute in a solution (dehydration)
2025/2026
Etiologies factors that can cause cellular adaptive changes? - Answers Damage to cell
membrane
Reduce levels of ATP
Changes in metabolic
Changes in pH
Etiologic factors that can cause cellular maladaptive changes? - Answers Chemical exposure
Hypoxia
Genetic mutations
Chronic inflammation
Nutrition deficiencies
What are the common cellular adaptations that occur in the body? - Answers Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
My pleasure
Dysplasia
What are the common cellular maladaptive changes that occur in the body? - Answers
Hyperplasia (increase the number of cells)
Metaplasia (mature cell replaced by another mature cell type)
Dysplasia (cell changes in size shape, and increases rate of mitosis)
Neoplasia (new growth; tumor)
What is endothelial injury? - Answers Cells that are easily damaged
-endothelium is the lining of arterial blood vessels (largest organ in body)
What is ischemic tissue damage? - Answers Reduce blood supply to the tissue
, -caused by pulmonary disease, anemia, cardiac arrest, poor circulation, or obstruction of blood
flow
What is an infarction of a tissue? - Answers Death of tissue due to prolonged ischemia
(ischemic necrosis)
-The brain and heart cells infarct within minutes
-Skeletal muscle can last for hours
What is the most common cause of cell injury? - Answers hypoxia
What is apoptosis? - Answers programmed cell death
What is necrosis? - Answers Cell death caused by an injury(hypoxia)
What is the first indication of hypoxia? - Answers When tissue changes color (blue)
What is physiologic hypertrophy? - Answers Sell in large bit with a company in support of
structures (exercise)
What is benign neoplasia? - Answers cells are well differentiated and contained within one
location
What is malignant neoplasia? - Answers neoplasm are poorly different and have a tendency to
metastasize
What is osmotic pressure within the bloodstream? - Answers PULL FORCE
-Created by solutes (albumin)
- Move it from the ICF to ECF capillary
What is hydrostatic pressure within the bloodstream? - Answers PUSH FORCE
-pushing water from the ECF into the ICF
Describe starlings laws of capillaries forces and factors influencing fluid movement between
the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. - Answers How much stasis equals
hydrostatic an osmotic pressure or equal at every capillary-cell interface
Identify causes of abnormally low levels of significant electrolytes within the bloodstream. -
Answers fewer solute in a solution (fluid overload)
Identify causes of abnormally elevated levels of significant electrolytes within the bloodstream.
- Answers more solute in a solution (dehydration)
