NURS 3303 Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
Pathology - Answers the scientific study of disease
Etiology - Answers cause of disease
idiopathic - Answers cause of disease is unknown- occurs naturally
latrogenic - Answers causes due to medical complication, error, treatment, or procedure.
predisposing factors - Answers tendencies that promote development of a disease in an
individual
- age, gender, inherited trauma, occupational exposure, dietary practices, smoking, obesity.
precipitating factors - Answers condition that triggers an acute episode
complications - Answers new or secondary problems arising after the initial disease
Sequelae - Answers unwelcome results of a disease or injury
what causes disease? - Answers - genetic variations
- infections
- injury/trauma
- lifestyle
- enviornmental factors
Functions of all cells - Answers - metabolic absorption: nutrient absorption
- respiration: oxidation by O2 by mitochondria
- excretion: removal of byproducts of metabolism Co2
- communication: internally and externally.
Adenosine tri-phosphate - Answers (ATP)
- energy source
nutrients are transformed into energy by the mitochondria through the process of AEROBIC
metabolism.
Involves: kreb's cycle, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation.
Causes of cellular adaptation - Answers Ischemia or cellular hypoxia- decreased oxygen
,(most common way for cellular injury or death)
- inflammation
- nutrients imbalance
- fluid/electrolyte disturbances
- microorganisms (infectious agents)
- free radical injury
- chemical agents
- genetic defects
hypertrophy - Answers the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its
cells.
causes: increased stimuli and increased workload or use physiologic stimuli and pathologic
stimuli (cardiomyopathy: enlarged heart/ left ventricle)
effects: enlargement of heart, enlargement of muscles, and hypertension- super hard heart use.
this also leads to angiogenesis: enlarged heart.
atrophy - Answers decreased tissue mass- cell degeneration and cells get smaller.
causes: disuse or decreased metabolic need, decreased blood flow(ISCHEMIA), lack of nerve
stimulation or use, loss of hormonal stimulation, inadequate nutrition, aging.
Sodium-Postassium Pump - Answers - The maintenance of cellular movement Na+ outside and
K+ inside requires energy.
- The sodium potassium pump uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to constantly move these
two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane.
- The mechanism is called Active transport by Na+ and K+
- In Active Transport: every 3 sodium ions out, 2 potassium ions are pumped inside.
Metaplasia - Answers Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
Ex: barrettes esophagus due to GERD
Dysplasia - Answers cells vary in size and shape within a tissue, increased rate of mitosis.
causes: chronic irritation, infection, or precancerous change.
Ex: cervical dysplasia, need to get regular yearly pap spears in women to catch early.
, neoplasia - Answers the new and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or
malignant
apoptosis - Answers programmed cell death
antherogenesis - Answers is the gradual and progressive development of atherosclerotic plaque
within the arteries that is initiated by endothelial injury. areas of endothelial injury undergo
inflammation, which attracts white blood cells and platelets to the region. the diminished
vasodilatory capacity of the artery causes clot formations.
endothelium - Answers lining of arterial blood vessels
body's largest organ and causes wide spread effects due to it pertaining to the arteries.
Hypoxia - Answers due to ischemia or reduced blood supply of the tissue because of:
inadequate oxygen intake
- high altitude
- pulmonary disease (lungs)
anemia
cardiac arrest
poor circulation or obstruction of blood flow
thrombosis- process of a blood clot.
necrosis - Answers cell death caused by injury
infarction - Answers death of a tissue due to prolonged ischemia (also called ischemia necrosis)
brain and heart cells die within: 6 minutes
skeletal muscles die within: hours
hypoxia in tissue is same as infarction.
gangrene - Answers infection of necrotic tissue caused by clostridium perfringen's.
most common in lower extremities
emtis gas within tissues
foul smell
dry and wet
Pathology - Answers the scientific study of disease
Etiology - Answers cause of disease
idiopathic - Answers cause of disease is unknown- occurs naturally
latrogenic - Answers causes due to medical complication, error, treatment, or procedure.
predisposing factors - Answers tendencies that promote development of a disease in an
individual
- age, gender, inherited trauma, occupational exposure, dietary practices, smoking, obesity.
precipitating factors - Answers condition that triggers an acute episode
complications - Answers new or secondary problems arising after the initial disease
Sequelae - Answers unwelcome results of a disease or injury
what causes disease? - Answers - genetic variations
- infections
- injury/trauma
- lifestyle
- enviornmental factors
Functions of all cells - Answers - metabolic absorption: nutrient absorption
- respiration: oxidation by O2 by mitochondria
- excretion: removal of byproducts of metabolism Co2
- communication: internally and externally.
Adenosine tri-phosphate - Answers (ATP)
- energy source
nutrients are transformed into energy by the mitochondria through the process of AEROBIC
metabolism.
Involves: kreb's cycle, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation.
Causes of cellular adaptation - Answers Ischemia or cellular hypoxia- decreased oxygen
,(most common way for cellular injury or death)
- inflammation
- nutrients imbalance
- fluid/electrolyte disturbances
- microorganisms (infectious agents)
- free radical injury
- chemical agents
- genetic defects
hypertrophy - Answers the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its
cells.
causes: increased stimuli and increased workload or use physiologic stimuli and pathologic
stimuli (cardiomyopathy: enlarged heart/ left ventricle)
effects: enlargement of heart, enlargement of muscles, and hypertension- super hard heart use.
this also leads to angiogenesis: enlarged heart.
atrophy - Answers decreased tissue mass- cell degeneration and cells get smaller.
causes: disuse or decreased metabolic need, decreased blood flow(ISCHEMIA), lack of nerve
stimulation or use, loss of hormonal stimulation, inadequate nutrition, aging.
Sodium-Postassium Pump - Answers - The maintenance of cellular movement Na+ outside and
K+ inside requires energy.
- The sodium potassium pump uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to constantly move these
two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane.
- The mechanism is called Active transport by Na+ and K+
- In Active Transport: every 3 sodium ions out, 2 potassium ions are pumped inside.
Metaplasia - Answers Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
Ex: barrettes esophagus due to GERD
Dysplasia - Answers cells vary in size and shape within a tissue, increased rate of mitosis.
causes: chronic irritation, infection, or precancerous change.
Ex: cervical dysplasia, need to get regular yearly pap spears in women to catch early.
, neoplasia - Answers the new and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or
malignant
apoptosis - Answers programmed cell death
antherogenesis - Answers is the gradual and progressive development of atherosclerotic plaque
within the arteries that is initiated by endothelial injury. areas of endothelial injury undergo
inflammation, which attracts white blood cells and platelets to the region. the diminished
vasodilatory capacity of the artery causes clot formations.
endothelium - Answers lining of arterial blood vessels
body's largest organ and causes wide spread effects due to it pertaining to the arteries.
Hypoxia - Answers due to ischemia or reduced blood supply of the tissue because of:
inadequate oxygen intake
- high altitude
- pulmonary disease (lungs)
anemia
cardiac arrest
poor circulation or obstruction of blood flow
thrombosis- process of a blood clot.
necrosis - Answers cell death caused by injury
infarction - Answers death of a tissue due to prolonged ischemia (also called ischemia necrosis)
brain and heart cells die within: 6 minutes
skeletal muscles die within: hours
hypoxia in tissue is same as infarction.
gangrene - Answers infection of necrotic tissue caused by clostridium perfringen's.
most common in lower extremities
emtis gas within tissues
foul smell
dry and wet
