Advanced Cell Biology Exam 2 Latest
Questions with Correct Answers
Graded to Pass 2025-2026 Edition.
he was a business man, selling silk and wanted to be able to visualize the thread count of his silk
so he further improved the microscope - Answer what was Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s
contribution to science?
ability to differentiate two points in space - Answer define resolution
particle wavelength, refractive index of medium (air or oil), angular aperture (lens) - Answer
what 3 factors influence resolution
a light source is ran through a condenser and as light passes through specimen into a objective
Lense (4x, 10x, 40x) into a 10x eyepiece - Answer describe a typical light microscope
ok - Answer the max amount of magnitude you can get from a light microscope is 1400x (a
140x objective lens and a 10x eyepiece)
we can get to a resolution of down to 200nm, which means we can only study objects about
500nm in sinze (bacteria, mitochondria) - Answer what is the smaller viewable power
through amicroscope
allows us to see cells, less expensive, easy to use/prep, can use living cells bc medium used is
air, - Answer what are the advantages of light microscopy
can only get to a resolution of 200nm, difficult to see translucent cells, - Answer what are
the disadvantages of light microscopy
ok - Answer A bright light occurs when wavelengths peaks and valleys occur simultaenously,
aplifying each other.
ok, dim is bad for resolution - Answer a dimmer lgiht occurs when wavelengths peak occurs
at the time of the valley
,Then they are sectioned using a microtome (cut thin to allow light transmission)
secctions are stained with dyes - Answer describe the microscopy methodolgy
dyes and stians show certain affinities for certain asepcts of cell characteristic (+ - hydrophobic,
hydrophillic) - Answer what is the deal with dyes and stains?
creates contrast, cheap, easy to use - Answer benefits of stains?
they do not detect certain molecules, not super specific - Answer drawbacks of stains?
bright-field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast, fluorescence,
immunocytochemistry - Answer what are the types of light microscopy
normal white light transmitted throuhg a sepcimen. - Answer describe bright-field
microscopy
uses white light transmitted throuhg an object at different rates. INvolved phase plates rings
that block out light that is out of phase. only in phase light is visible - Answer describe phase
contrast microscopy
uses polarized light (light waves that are more organized) to pass throuhg an object, still
involved phase plate rings to block out any light that is out of phase. - Answer describe
differential interference contract
when electrons get excited, they give off lights, fluorochromes are molecules that are excited by
light at one wavelength, and then emit light at another longer wavelength. we attach these
fluorochromes to antibodies and have these antibodies attack certain cells, and when we shine
light on the flurochormoes that are attached to certain asepcts of the cells, they light up
different colors. - Answer describe fluroescence light microscopy
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), most common fluorochrome and can be inserted into our
genome to cause fluroescence. - Answer what is GFP
, use of secondary antiboides ot generate immunofluroescnce. First, you develop a marker for an
antigen A. Then we inject antigen A into rabbits. Rabbits develop antibodies for ANTIGEN A.
ANtibodies stick to antigen A. Then we inject antigen A and rabbit ANtibodies (AAARA) into
goats. Now goats develop an antibodies for AAARA. then we attach a marker to this goat
anitbody. We inject it into a secondary speciment bc we can attach a marker to the general Goat
ANtibody. It would be a lot more difficult to attach a marker to every individual different
antibody for ANtigen A, because the rabbit will make antibody A,B,C,D.....that is a lot of markers.
If we just attach a marker to ANTIBODY for AAARA in goats, then it is cheaper. - Answer what
is immunocytochemistry
light from a laser (very concentrated light) is passed through a confocal pinhole onto the
specimen, gives us really good images. Fluroescence from the specimen is passes to a detector
through a second pinholes. Pinhole blocks out the blurred light emmittred form areas that are in
a different plane of foucs - which is a common problem with light microcopes that there is
blurring from light that is from out of the plane of focus - Answer describe a confocla
microscope
use electrons beams to illuminate specimens - much high resolving powers (.1-2nm) - Answer
describe broad microscopy
transmission electron microscope - (res.1-2.0 nm) more powerful - involves a cathode that spits
off electrons that are passed through the specimen and are then collected (these electrons are
transmitted throuhg the specimen) this process has to happen in a vacuum, so cells can not be
living - images are 2d and BW and have to use heavy metals to track movement - Answer
Describe TEM
scanning electorn microscope - (res 3-10nm) cathodes spits off electrons and electrons hit
specimens and get abosrboed, causing specimen's electrons that get more energy and bounce
off specimen and into a detector around the specimen. - gives us 3d images and takes no prep -
Answer Descrine SEM
any substrate that can bind to a protein nonpermenantly (noncovalently) - Answer what is a
ligand
Orient two molecules together precisely
Begin to rearrange some of the bonds
Questions with Correct Answers
Graded to Pass 2025-2026 Edition.
he was a business man, selling silk and wanted to be able to visualize the thread count of his silk
so he further improved the microscope - Answer what was Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s
contribution to science?
ability to differentiate two points in space - Answer define resolution
particle wavelength, refractive index of medium (air or oil), angular aperture (lens) - Answer
what 3 factors influence resolution
a light source is ran through a condenser and as light passes through specimen into a objective
Lense (4x, 10x, 40x) into a 10x eyepiece - Answer describe a typical light microscope
ok - Answer the max amount of magnitude you can get from a light microscope is 1400x (a
140x objective lens and a 10x eyepiece)
we can get to a resolution of down to 200nm, which means we can only study objects about
500nm in sinze (bacteria, mitochondria) - Answer what is the smaller viewable power
through amicroscope
allows us to see cells, less expensive, easy to use/prep, can use living cells bc medium used is
air, - Answer what are the advantages of light microscopy
can only get to a resolution of 200nm, difficult to see translucent cells, - Answer what are
the disadvantages of light microscopy
ok - Answer A bright light occurs when wavelengths peaks and valleys occur simultaenously,
aplifying each other.
ok, dim is bad for resolution - Answer a dimmer lgiht occurs when wavelengths peak occurs
at the time of the valley
,Then they are sectioned using a microtome (cut thin to allow light transmission)
secctions are stained with dyes - Answer describe the microscopy methodolgy
dyes and stians show certain affinities for certain asepcts of cell characteristic (+ - hydrophobic,
hydrophillic) - Answer what is the deal with dyes and stains?
creates contrast, cheap, easy to use - Answer benefits of stains?
they do not detect certain molecules, not super specific - Answer drawbacks of stains?
bright-field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast, fluorescence,
immunocytochemistry - Answer what are the types of light microscopy
normal white light transmitted throuhg a sepcimen. - Answer describe bright-field
microscopy
uses white light transmitted throuhg an object at different rates. INvolved phase plates rings
that block out light that is out of phase. only in phase light is visible - Answer describe phase
contrast microscopy
uses polarized light (light waves that are more organized) to pass throuhg an object, still
involved phase plate rings to block out any light that is out of phase. - Answer describe
differential interference contract
when electrons get excited, they give off lights, fluorochromes are molecules that are excited by
light at one wavelength, and then emit light at another longer wavelength. we attach these
fluorochromes to antibodies and have these antibodies attack certain cells, and when we shine
light on the flurochormoes that are attached to certain asepcts of the cells, they light up
different colors. - Answer describe fluroescence light microscopy
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), most common fluorochrome and can be inserted into our
genome to cause fluroescence. - Answer what is GFP
, use of secondary antiboides ot generate immunofluroescnce. First, you develop a marker for an
antigen A. Then we inject antigen A into rabbits. Rabbits develop antibodies for ANTIGEN A.
ANtibodies stick to antigen A. Then we inject antigen A and rabbit ANtibodies (AAARA) into
goats. Now goats develop an antibodies for AAARA. then we attach a marker to this goat
anitbody. We inject it into a secondary speciment bc we can attach a marker to the general Goat
ANtibody. It would be a lot more difficult to attach a marker to every individual different
antibody for ANtigen A, because the rabbit will make antibody A,B,C,D.....that is a lot of markers.
If we just attach a marker to ANTIBODY for AAARA in goats, then it is cheaper. - Answer what
is immunocytochemistry
light from a laser (very concentrated light) is passed through a confocal pinhole onto the
specimen, gives us really good images. Fluroescence from the specimen is passes to a detector
through a second pinholes. Pinhole blocks out the blurred light emmittred form areas that are in
a different plane of foucs - which is a common problem with light microcopes that there is
blurring from light that is from out of the plane of focus - Answer describe a confocla
microscope
use electrons beams to illuminate specimens - much high resolving powers (.1-2nm) - Answer
describe broad microscopy
transmission electron microscope - (res.1-2.0 nm) more powerful - involves a cathode that spits
off electrons that are passed through the specimen and are then collected (these electrons are
transmitted throuhg the specimen) this process has to happen in a vacuum, so cells can not be
living - images are 2d and BW and have to use heavy metals to track movement - Answer
Describe TEM
scanning electorn microscope - (res 3-10nm) cathodes spits off electrons and electrons hit
specimens and get abosrboed, causing specimen's electrons that get more energy and bounce
off specimen and into a detector around the specimen. - gives us 3d images and takes no prep -
Answer Descrine SEM
any substrate that can bind to a protein nonpermenantly (noncovalently) - Answer what is a
ligand
Orient two molecules together precisely
Begin to rearrange some of the bonds
