NYU Nurse Residency EKG quiz exam ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
with correct answers ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Sinus Arrest ||\\||\\
R:R interval interrupted, rhythm does not resume on time
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
*More than 2 missing p waves consecutively ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Increased vagal tone, hypoxemia, hyperkalemia, drugs (digoxin, beta blockers, Ca
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
channel blockers) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: None, unless symptomatic ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Sinus Block ||\\||\\
R:R interval not interrupted, rhythm resumes on time
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Increased vagal tone, hypoxemia, hyperkalemia, drugs (digoxin, beta blockers, Ca
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
channel blockers) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: None, unless symptomatic ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Sinus Arrhythmia ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Irregular ||\\||\\
Rate: 60-100 ||\\||\\
P Wave: Normal
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
P:QRS ratio: 1:1 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QRS Duration: <0.12 seconds ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QT Interval: May vary slightly
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Normal variation with respiratory cycle ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: None ||\\||\\
,Sinus Bradycardia ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Regular ||\\||\\
Rate: <60 ||\\||\\
P Wave: Normal
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
P:QRS ratio: 1:1 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QRS Duration: <0.12 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QT Interval: May be prolonged
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Increased vagal tone, inferior wall MI, hypothyroidism, drugs (beta blockers, digoxin,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
morphine, hypothyroidism) can be a normal finding ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: Only if symptomatic – stop medications, give epinephrine or atropine ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Sinus Tachycardia ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Regular ||\\||\\
Rate: 101-160 ||\\||\\
P Wave: Normal
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
P:QRS ratio: 1:1 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QRS Duration: <0.12 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QT Interval: May be shortened
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Normal sympathetic tone, fever, exercise, hypotension, PE, MI, stress, anxiety
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: Treat underlying cause (pain, fever, etc.) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Significance: Increased oxygen requirement is a warning sign ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Normal Sinus Rhythm ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Regular ||\\||\\
Rate: 60-100 ||\\||\\
P Wave: Normal
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, P:QRS ratio: 1:1 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QRS Duration: <0.12 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QT Interval: 0.32-0.44
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Premature Atrial Contraction (PAC) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Regular, except PAC ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Rate: Depends on underlying rhythm ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
P Wave: Premature P wave different from other P waves, may be normal depending on
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
location
PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds (PAC may differ)
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
P:QRS ratio: 1:1 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QRS Duration: <0.12 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, digoxin, hypoxia, electrolyte imbalance, COPD
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: Usually none, observe frequency and treat/eliminate the cause ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Atrial Tachycardia/Supraventricular Tachycardia
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
*Think of rhyme SVT over 160* ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Regular ||\\||\\
Rate: >160 ||\\||\\
P Wave: May be hidden behind QRS (too fast!)
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
PR interval: Unable to measure
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
P:QRS ratio: 1:1 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QRS Duration: <0.12 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, digoxin toxicity, hypoxia, electrolyte imbalance, COPD,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
valvular heart disease ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: If unstable, vagal maneuvers, adenosine (diagnostic), cardioversion, ablation ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Atrial Flutter ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Regular or irregular ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Rate: Atrial: 250-400, Ventricular: varies
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
with correct answers ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Sinus Arrest ||\\||\\
R:R interval interrupted, rhythm does not resume on time
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
*More than 2 missing p waves consecutively ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Increased vagal tone, hypoxemia, hyperkalemia, drugs (digoxin, beta blockers, Ca
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
channel blockers) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: None, unless symptomatic ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Sinus Block ||\\||\\
R:R interval not interrupted, rhythm resumes on time
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Increased vagal tone, hypoxemia, hyperkalemia, drugs (digoxin, beta blockers, Ca
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
channel blockers) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: None, unless symptomatic ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Sinus Arrhythmia ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Irregular ||\\||\\
Rate: 60-100 ||\\||\\
P Wave: Normal
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
P:QRS ratio: 1:1 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QRS Duration: <0.12 seconds ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QT Interval: May vary slightly
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Normal variation with respiratory cycle ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: None ||\\||\\
,Sinus Bradycardia ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Regular ||\\||\\
Rate: <60 ||\\||\\
P Wave: Normal
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
P:QRS ratio: 1:1 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QRS Duration: <0.12 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QT Interval: May be prolonged
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Increased vagal tone, inferior wall MI, hypothyroidism, drugs (beta blockers, digoxin,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
morphine, hypothyroidism) can be a normal finding ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: Only if symptomatic – stop medications, give epinephrine or atropine ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Sinus Tachycardia ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Regular ||\\||\\
Rate: 101-160 ||\\||\\
P Wave: Normal
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
P:QRS ratio: 1:1 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QRS Duration: <0.12 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QT Interval: May be shortened
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Normal sympathetic tone, fever, exercise, hypotension, PE, MI, stress, anxiety
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: Treat underlying cause (pain, fever, etc.) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Significance: Increased oxygen requirement is a warning sign ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Normal Sinus Rhythm ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Regular ||\\||\\
Rate: 60-100 ||\\||\\
P Wave: Normal
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, P:QRS ratio: 1:1 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QRS Duration: <0.12 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QT Interval: 0.32-0.44
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Premature Atrial Contraction (PAC) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Regular, except PAC ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Rate: Depends on underlying rhythm ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
P Wave: Premature P wave different from other P waves, may be normal depending on
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
location
PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds (PAC may differ)
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
P:QRS ratio: 1:1 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QRS Duration: <0.12 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, digoxin, hypoxia, electrolyte imbalance, COPD
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: Usually none, observe frequency and treat/eliminate the cause ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Atrial Tachycardia/Supraventricular Tachycardia
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
*Think of rhyme SVT over 160* ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Regular ||\\||\\
Rate: >160 ||\\||\\
P Wave: May be hidden behind QRS (too fast!)
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
PR interval: Unable to measure
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
P:QRS ratio: 1:1 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
QRS Duration: <0.12 seconds
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Causes: Alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, digoxin toxicity, hypoxia, electrolyte imbalance, COPD,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
valvular heart disease ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Treatment: If unstable, vagal maneuvers, adenosine (diagnostic), cardioversion, ablation ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Atrial Flutter ||\\||\\
Rhythm: Regular or irregular ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Rate: Atrial: 250-400, Ventricular: varies
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
