Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 with
Correct answers| Updated 2026
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a
region) - Correct answer: -Gastritis
Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with
hemorrhage - Correct answer: -Acute Gastritis
Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and
epigastric pain - Correct answer: -Acute Gastritis
Gastritis develops gradually. - Correct answer: -Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - Correct answer: -Chronic
Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and hematemesis.
- Correct answer: -Acute Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain
and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. - Correct answer: -Chronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic
reaction - Correct answer: -Gastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as Crohn’s disease - Correct
answer: - Chronic Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken
or eggs - Correct answer: -Acute Gastroenteritis
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting -
Correct answer: -Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis - Correct answer: -Helicobacter pylori
Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause
inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may
increase the susceptibility - Correct answer: -Helicobacter pylori
,Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long-
term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress,
autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease - Correct answer: -Gastritis
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage - Correct answer: -
Chronic Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping,
nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can
indicate ulceration and bleeding. - Correct answer: -Gastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back
up into the esophagus. - Correct answer: -GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - Correct answer: -GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit,
tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal
hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers,
calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying - Correct answer: -GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when
recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and
sensation of a lump in the throat. - Correct answer: -GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease)
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic
pulmonary disease - Correct answer: -GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease - Correct
answer: -GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - Correct answer: -Peptic Ulcer
Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use
(NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD. - Correct
answer: -Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract
wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective
mechanisms - Correct answer: -Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - Correct answer: -Duodenal Ulcers
, Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically present
with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food - Correct answer: -Duodenal
ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. - Correct answer: -Gastric
Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue
ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. -
Correct answer: -Stress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns - Correct answer: -Curling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries - Correct answer: -Cushing's ulcers
Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the
precipitating event. - Correct answer: -Stress ulcers
Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and tends to
be masked by the primary problem - Correct answer: -Stress ulcer
Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis - Correct
answer: -Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn,
indigestion, nausea, and vomiting - Correct answer: -Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and sometimes
other layers - Correct answer: -Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery
susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins - Correct answer: -Pseudomembranous Colitis
(C. Diff)
Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis -
Correct answer: -Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an infection. Triggers
local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure. As fluid builds inside the
appendix, microorganisms proliferate - Correct answer: -Appendicitis
Correct answers| Updated 2026
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a
region) - Correct answer: -Gastritis
Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with
hemorrhage - Correct answer: -Acute Gastritis
Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and
epigastric pain - Correct answer: -Acute Gastritis
Gastritis develops gradually. - Correct answer: -Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - Correct answer: -Chronic
Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and hematemesis.
- Correct answer: -Acute Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain
and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. - Correct answer: -Chronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic
reaction - Correct answer: -Gastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as Crohn’s disease - Correct
answer: - Chronic Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken
or eggs - Correct answer: -Acute Gastroenteritis
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting -
Correct answer: -Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis - Correct answer: -Helicobacter pylori
Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause
inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may
increase the susceptibility - Correct answer: -Helicobacter pylori
,Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long-
term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress,
autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease - Correct answer: -Gastritis
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage - Correct answer: -
Chronic Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping,
nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can
indicate ulceration and bleeding. - Correct answer: -Gastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back
up into the esophagus. - Correct answer: -GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - Correct answer: -GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit,
tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal
hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers,
calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying - Correct answer: -GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when
recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and
sensation of a lump in the throat. - Correct answer: -GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease)
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic
pulmonary disease - Correct answer: -GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease - Correct
answer: -GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - Correct answer: -Peptic Ulcer
Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use
(NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD. - Correct
answer: -Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract
wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective
mechanisms - Correct answer: -Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - Correct answer: -Duodenal Ulcers
, Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically present
with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food - Correct answer: -Duodenal
ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. - Correct answer: -Gastric
Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue
ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. -
Correct answer: -Stress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns - Correct answer: -Curling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries - Correct answer: -Cushing's ulcers
Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the
precipitating event. - Correct answer: -Stress ulcers
Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and tends to
be masked by the primary problem - Correct answer: -Stress ulcer
Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis - Correct
answer: -Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn,
indigestion, nausea, and vomiting - Correct answer: -Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and sometimes
other layers - Correct answer: -Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery
susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins - Correct answer: -Pseudomembranous Colitis
(C. Diff)
Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis -
Correct answer: -Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an infection. Triggers
local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure. As fluid builds inside the
appendix, microorganisms proliferate - Correct answer: -Appendicitis
