NR 601 EXAMINATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Physiological aging. Answer: Age related Change
Functional Change
Implications
Integumentary System
Loss of dermal and epidermal thickness
Loss of subcutaneous tissue and thin epidermis.
Prone to skin breakdown and injury
Decreased vascularity
• Atrophy of sweat glands resulting in decreased sweat production
• Decreased body odor
• Decreased heat loss
• Dryness
• Alteration in thermoregulatory response
• Fluid requirements may change seasonally
• Loss of skin water
• Increased risk of heat stroke
,Respiratory System
Decreased lung tissue elasticity
Decreased vital capacity
Reduced overall efficiency of ventilatory exchange
Cilia atrophy
Change in mucociliary transport
Increased susceptibility to infection
Decreased respiratory muscle strength
• Reduced ability to handle secretions and reduced effectiveness against
noxious foreign particles
• Partial inflation of lungs at rest
Increased risk of atelectasis
Cardiovascular System
Heart valves thicken and become fibrotic
Reduced stroke volume, cardiac output; may be altered
Decreased responsiveness to stress
Fibroelastic thickening of the sinoatrial node; decreased number of
pacemaker cells
Slower heart rate
,Increased prevalence of arrhythmias
Decreased baroreceptor sensitivity (stretch receptors)
Decreased sensitivity to changes in blood pressure
Prone to loss of balance, which increases the risk for falls
GI
Liver becomes smaller
Decreased storage capacity
Decreased muscle tone
Altered motility
Increases risk of constipation, functional bowel syndrome, esophageal
spasm, diverticular disease
Decreased basal metabolic rate (rate at which fuel is converted into
energy)
May need fewer calories
◉ Lab results Dunphy table 77.2. Answer: UA Normal Changes with
age Comments
Protein 0-5 rises slightly Due to kidney changes, UTI, renal
SG 1.005-1.020 Lower 1.016-1.022 Decline in nephrons impairs ability
to
Concentrate urine
, Hematology
ESR M: 0-20 W: 0-30 Sign increase Neither sensitive nor specific
Iron binding 50-160 230-410 Slight decrease
HGB M: 13-18 W:12-16 M: 10-17 W: none Anemia is common in
elderly
HCT M: 45-52 W: 37-48 Slight decrease Decline in hematopoiesis
Leukocytes 4,300-10,800 Drop to 3,100-9,000 Decrease may be due to
drugs or sepsis
Lymphocytes 500-2,400 Tcells Fall infection risk higher
50-200 Bcells Immunizations encouraged
Platelets 150,000-350,000 no change
Blood chemistry
Albumin 3.5-5.0 Decline R/T decreased liver size and enzymes.
Protein-energy malnutrition common.
Globulin 2.3-3.5 Slight increase
Total serum
Protein 6.0-8.4 no change Decrease may indicate malnutrition
Infection, liver disease
BUN M: 10-25 Increases significantly Decline in GFR
W: 8-20 up to 69 Decreased cardiac output
Creatinine 0.6-1.5 increases to 1.9 RT lean body mass
Creatinine Decreases 10% Used for prescribing meds
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Physiological aging. Answer: Age related Change
Functional Change
Implications
Integumentary System
Loss of dermal and epidermal thickness
Loss of subcutaneous tissue and thin epidermis.
Prone to skin breakdown and injury
Decreased vascularity
• Atrophy of sweat glands resulting in decreased sweat production
• Decreased body odor
• Decreased heat loss
• Dryness
• Alteration in thermoregulatory response
• Fluid requirements may change seasonally
• Loss of skin water
• Increased risk of heat stroke
,Respiratory System
Decreased lung tissue elasticity
Decreased vital capacity
Reduced overall efficiency of ventilatory exchange
Cilia atrophy
Change in mucociliary transport
Increased susceptibility to infection
Decreased respiratory muscle strength
• Reduced ability to handle secretions and reduced effectiveness against
noxious foreign particles
• Partial inflation of lungs at rest
Increased risk of atelectasis
Cardiovascular System
Heart valves thicken and become fibrotic
Reduced stroke volume, cardiac output; may be altered
Decreased responsiveness to stress
Fibroelastic thickening of the sinoatrial node; decreased number of
pacemaker cells
Slower heart rate
,Increased prevalence of arrhythmias
Decreased baroreceptor sensitivity (stretch receptors)
Decreased sensitivity to changes in blood pressure
Prone to loss of balance, which increases the risk for falls
GI
Liver becomes smaller
Decreased storage capacity
Decreased muscle tone
Altered motility
Increases risk of constipation, functional bowel syndrome, esophageal
spasm, diverticular disease
Decreased basal metabolic rate (rate at which fuel is converted into
energy)
May need fewer calories
◉ Lab results Dunphy table 77.2. Answer: UA Normal Changes with
age Comments
Protein 0-5 rises slightly Due to kidney changes, UTI, renal
SG 1.005-1.020 Lower 1.016-1.022 Decline in nephrons impairs ability
to
Concentrate urine
, Hematology
ESR M: 0-20 W: 0-30 Sign increase Neither sensitive nor specific
Iron binding 50-160 230-410 Slight decrease
HGB M: 13-18 W:12-16 M: 10-17 W: none Anemia is common in
elderly
HCT M: 45-52 W: 37-48 Slight decrease Decline in hematopoiesis
Leukocytes 4,300-10,800 Drop to 3,100-9,000 Decrease may be due to
drugs or sepsis
Lymphocytes 500-2,400 Tcells Fall infection risk higher
50-200 Bcells Immunizations encouraged
Platelets 150,000-350,000 no change
Blood chemistry
Albumin 3.5-5.0 Decline R/T decreased liver size and enzymes.
Protein-energy malnutrition common.
Globulin 2.3-3.5 Slight increase
Total serum
Protein 6.0-8.4 no change Decrease may indicate malnutrition
Infection, liver disease
BUN M: 10-25 Increases significantly Decline in GFR
W: 8-20 up to 69 Decreased cardiac output
Creatinine 0.6-1.5 increases to 1.9 RT lean body mass
Creatinine Decreases 10% Used for prescribing meds
