BIOL 251 Final Exam Review – Complete
Study Guide 2025
anatomy -answer ✔✨---study of structure
physiology -answer ✔✨---study of how body parts function
level of structural organization -answer ✔✨---chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organismal
11 systems of the human body -answer ✔✨---integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
integumentary components -answer ✔✨---skin, hair, nails
integumentary functions -answer ✔✨---protection, body temperature regulation, insulation
skeletal components -answer ✔✨---bones, joints, cartilage
,skeletal functions -answer ✔✨---structure, support, body movements
muscular components -answer ✔✨---skeletal muscle tissue
muscular functions -answer ✔✨---movements, produces heat, maintains posture
nervous components -answer ✔✨---brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (eyes and ears)
nervous functions -answer ✔✨---action potentials, regulates body activities, detects changes in
internal and external
endocrine components -answer ✔✨---hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus,
pituary gland, ovaries, etc.)
endocrine functions -answer ✔✨---releasing hormones (chemical messengers)
cardiovascular components -answer ✔✨---blood, heart, blood vessels
cardiovascular functions -answer ✔✨---pumping blood, helps regulate temperature and water
content of body fluids
lymphatic components -answer ✔✨---lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and
tonsils
lymphatic functions -answer ✔✨---returns proteins and fluids to the blood, carries lipids
respiratory components -answer ✔✨---lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, pharynx, and larynx
,respiratory functions -answer ✔✨---transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide
from blood to exhaled air
digestive components -answer ✔✨---mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
pancreas, anus
digestive functions -answer ✔✨---achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs
nutrients
urinary components -answer ✔✨---kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
urinary functions -answer ✔✨---produces, stores, and eliminates urine
reproductive components -answer ✔✨---gonads, uterine tubes, mammary glands, etc.
reproductive functions -answer ✔✨---gonads produce gametes to help form a new organism,
mammary glands produce milk, etc.
life processes in humans -answer ✔✨---metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth,
differentiation, reproduction
homeostasis -answer ✔✨---a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body's internal
environment
fluid in homeostasis -answer ✔✨---extracellular fluid
components of a feedback loop -answer ✔✨---stimulus, receptor, control center, effector,
response
negative feedback loop -answer ✔✨---a feedback loop that causes a system to change in the
opposite direction from which it is moving (example: change in blood pressure)
, positive feedback loop -answer ✔✨---a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified
(example: pregnancy)
tissue -answer ✔✨---a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin in an embryo
and function together to carry out specialized activities
4 basic types of tissue -answer ✔✨---epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
cell junctions -answer ✔✨---cells that are held together in a variety of ways; point of contact
between cells
tight junctions -answer ✔✨---adjacent plasma membranes with intercellular space between;
stands of transmembrane proteins on the sides
adherens junctions -answer ✔✨---adjacent plasma membranes with microfilament (actin) along
the middle with plaque in between
desmosomes -answer ✔✨---adjacent plasma membranes with plaque in the middle and keratin on
the sides (crazy looking)
hemidesmosomes -answer ✔✨---attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane with keratin
on the top
gap junctions -answer ✔✨---adjacent plasma membranes with connexons and gaps between
epithelial tissue -answer ✔✨---cells arranged in sheets and are densely packed, many cell junctions
present, attaches to basement membrane, avascular with nerve supply, mitosis occurs frequently
epithelial cell diagram -answer ✔✨---
Study Guide 2025
anatomy -answer ✔✨---study of structure
physiology -answer ✔✨---study of how body parts function
level of structural organization -answer ✔✨---chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organismal
11 systems of the human body -answer ✔✨---integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
integumentary components -answer ✔✨---skin, hair, nails
integumentary functions -answer ✔✨---protection, body temperature regulation, insulation
skeletal components -answer ✔✨---bones, joints, cartilage
,skeletal functions -answer ✔✨---structure, support, body movements
muscular components -answer ✔✨---skeletal muscle tissue
muscular functions -answer ✔✨---movements, produces heat, maintains posture
nervous components -answer ✔✨---brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (eyes and ears)
nervous functions -answer ✔✨---action potentials, regulates body activities, detects changes in
internal and external
endocrine components -answer ✔✨---hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus,
pituary gland, ovaries, etc.)
endocrine functions -answer ✔✨---releasing hormones (chemical messengers)
cardiovascular components -answer ✔✨---blood, heart, blood vessels
cardiovascular functions -answer ✔✨---pumping blood, helps regulate temperature and water
content of body fluids
lymphatic components -answer ✔✨---lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and
tonsils
lymphatic functions -answer ✔✨---returns proteins and fluids to the blood, carries lipids
respiratory components -answer ✔✨---lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, pharynx, and larynx
,respiratory functions -answer ✔✨---transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide
from blood to exhaled air
digestive components -answer ✔✨---mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
pancreas, anus
digestive functions -answer ✔✨---achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs
nutrients
urinary components -answer ✔✨---kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
urinary functions -answer ✔✨---produces, stores, and eliminates urine
reproductive components -answer ✔✨---gonads, uterine tubes, mammary glands, etc.
reproductive functions -answer ✔✨---gonads produce gametes to help form a new organism,
mammary glands produce milk, etc.
life processes in humans -answer ✔✨---metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth,
differentiation, reproduction
homeostasis -answer ✔✨---a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body's internal
environment
fluid in homeostasis -answer ✔✨---extracellular fluid
components of a feedback loop -answer ✔✨---stimulus, receptor, control center, effector,
response
negative feedback loop -answer ✔✨---a feedback loop that causes a system to change in the
opposite direction from which it is moving (example: change in blood pressure)
, positive feedback loop -answer ✔✨---a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified
(example: pregnancy)
tissue -answer ✔✨---a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin in an embryo
and function together to carry out specialized activities
4 basic types of tissue -answer ✔✨---epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
cell junctions -answer ✔✨---cells that are held together in a variety of ways; point of contact
between cells
tight junctions -answer ✔✨---adjacent plasma membranes with intercellular space between;
stands of transmembrane proteins on the sides
adherens junctions -answer ✔✨---adjacent plasma membranes with microfilament (actin) along
the middle with plaque in between
desmosomes -answer ✔✨---adjacent plasma membranes with plaque in the middle and keratin on
the sides (crazy looking)
hemidesmosomes -answer ✔✨---attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane with keratin
on the top
gap junctions -answer ✔✨---adjacent plasma membranes with connexons and gaps between
epithelial tissue -answer ✔✨---cells arranged in sheets and are densely packed, many cell junctions
present, attaches to basement membrane, avascular with nerve supply, mitosis occurs frequently
epithelial cell diagram -answer ✔✨---
