CALT EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Receptive Language - (ANSWER)the ability to understand and comprehend spoken or written language
essentially meaning the "input" of language, where someone takes in information through listening or
reading and interprets its meaning; it involves understanding words, concepts, and instructions, as
opposed to producing language yourself.
Expressive Language - (ANSWER)the ability to communicate one's thoughts, feelings, and needs through
spoken words, written text, gestures, or other symbols, essentially meaning it's "output" of language,
where you use language to express yourself to others; including forming sentences, using correct
grammar, and conveying meaning through verbal or non-verbal communication.
Accent - (ANSWER)stress or emphasis placed on one syllable in a word, or one word in a sentence. The
mouth opens wider, the voice is louder and higher, and sometimes held a bit longer.
Articulation - (ANSWER)where the sound is produced, the way in which air stream flows through the
nose or mouth, and activity of the vocal cords.
Coarticulation - (ANSWER)the articulation of 2 or more speech sounds together, so that one influences
the other ("allophones can occur as a result of coarticulation across word boundaries")
Phonograms - (ANSWER)a symbol representing a vocal sound
What are the 4 Components of Language? - (ANSWER)Phonology, Semantics, Syntax, & Pragmatics
Phonology - (ANSWER)sound structure of a language and how sounds operate within that language; an
unconscious set of rules that govern speech that indicates suprasegmental and segmental aspects which
is a very large umbrella term.
Semantics - (ANSWER)the study of word meaning & vocabulary; it includes the meanings of words,
phrases, sentences & text.
Pragmatics - (ANSWER)understanding the social uses of language and basic social rules of
communication
,CALT EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Affix - (ANSWER)prefixes and/or suffixes that are added to base words.
Alphabet Knowledge - (ANSWER)the ability to identify and name the letters of the alphabet, the name is
the anchor.
Alphabetic language - (ANSWER)a language such as English, in which letters are used systematically to
represent speech sounds or phonemes.
Alphabetic Principle - (ANSWER)the understanding that letters (graphemes) are connected to sounds
(phonemes). Letters are the written symbols that are cognitively processed to make reading possible
(Adams, 1990). Letter names are the only stable property of letters (Cox, 1992) as shapes & sounds of
letters vary. The name is the anchor. Knowing letter names provides a springboard for learning and
remembering letter-sound relationships (Ehri, 1983; NICHD, 2000).
Analytic - (ANSWER)presents the whole and teaches how this can be broken down into its component
parts.
Anaphora - (ANSWER)using a pronoun or definite article to refer to something already mentioned (e.g.,
The cat ran quickly. It sprinted down the side street.)
Appositive - (ANSWER)a noun or noun phrase that is placed after a noun to explain it more fully. Usually
this contains modifiers.
Automaticity - (ANSWER)the ability to respond or react without attention or conscious effort.
Comprehension - (ANSWER)making sense of what we read, this depends on good word recognition,
fluency, vocabulary, worldly knowledge, and language ability.
Cumulative - (ANSWER)describes instruction that is presented in sequence that begins with the simplest
skills and concepts and progresses systematically to the more difficult.
,CALT EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Decoding - (ANSWER)to break the phonic code (recognizing a word), to determine the pronunciation of
a word by noting the position of the vowels & consonants.
Diagnostic - (ANSWER)pertaining to instruction in which the teacher is constantly taking notice of how
students are handling the lesson concepts, using this in conjunction with prescriptive instruction.
Emergent Literacy - (ANSWER)cognitive maturation characterized by well-developed oral language
ability, exposure to written language, and metalinguistic awareness.
Encoding - (ANSWER)spelling a word
Executive Function - (ANSWER)the mental processes that allow individuals to regulate their thinking,
behaviors, and actions.
Fluency - (ANSWER)reading words at an adequate rate with a high level of accuracy, understanding
appropriate expression and prosody for understanding in comprehension.
Grapheme - (ANSWER)the smallest unit of a written language which may or may not carry meaning, the
individual letters or groups of letters that represent the individual speech sounds or phonemes.
Handwriting - (ANSWER)writing with a pen or pencil, "this method of duplicating can reproduce
typewriting, handwriting, or drawings"
Metacognitive Strategies/Skills - (ANSWER)thinking about thinking, actively asking questions, self
observation of understanding, etc.
Metalinguistic - (ANSWER)relates to an awareness of language as an entity that can be contemplated;
this is crucial to early reading ability, to understanding discourse patterns, in the classroom, and to
analyzing the language being used to teach the language that must be learned.
Metalinguistics - (ANSWER)this is one kind of metacognition: analyzing, thinking and talking about
language independent of the meanings of words.
, CALT EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Morphemes - (ANSWER)the smallest units of meaning in language; combine to form words; can be
prefixes, roots, suffixes, or whole words; unlike phonemes or syllables, these have meaning; all words
are made up of one or more of these; they link structure and meaning in a language.
Morphology - (ANSWER)the study of word formation of how morphemes combine to form words and to
learn to relate words by meaning through their common roots (legal, illegal, legislation) To differentiate
the meaning of similar looking words that might otherwise be easily confused. The study of this
becomes increasingly important as students begin to learn abstract, decontextualized vocabulary
associated with science, social studies, and math. Students use syllables to pronounce and spell
multisyllabic words.
Multisensory - (ANSWER)often used to describe strategies that involve learners in activities that include
the use of 2 or more sensory modalities simultaneously to take in or express information.
Oral Language - (ANSWER)a spoken system of words with rules for their use that includes listening and
speaking.
Orthography - (ANSWER)refers to the patterns of written language, how words are spelled.
Orthographic memory - (ANSWER)specific memory for letter patterns and words; ortho means "correct"
or how words should be spelled. "The cat jumps." Is not a problem with morphology; it is an
orthography problem.
Prescriptive - (ANSWER)when used with reference to instruction, this entails the changes made to a
lesson to tailor per the group or students, based on performance and anecdotal note; this is for more
practice, review, and/or multisensory activities.
Phonological Awareness - (ANSWER)a sensitivity to the broad sound structure of language; includes
rhyming, alliteration, counting words in sentences, counting syllables in words, omitting syllables.
Phoneme - (ANSWER)the smallest unit of sound that makes one word distinguishable from another
word /c/ /a/ /t/
Receptive Language - (ANSWER)the ability to understand and comprehend spoken or written language
essentially meaning the "input" of language, where someone takes in information through listening or
reading and interprets its meaning; it involves understanding words, concepts, and instructions, as
opposed to producing language yourself.
Expressive Language - (ANSWER)the ability to communicate one's thoughts, feelings, and needs through
spoken words, written text, gestures, or other symbols, essentially meaning it's "output" of language,
where you use language to express yourself to others; including forming sentences, using correct
grammar, and conveying meaning through verbal or non-verbal communication.
Accent - (ANSWER)stress or emphasis placed on one syllable in a word, or one word in a sentence. The
mouth opens wider, the voice is louder and higher, and sometimes held a bit longer.
Articulation - (ANSWER)where the sound is produced, the way in which air stream flows through the
nose or mouth, and activity of the vocal cords.
Coarticulation - (ANSWER)the articulation of 2 or more speech sounds together, so that one influences
the other ("allophones can occur as a result of coarticulation across word boundaries")
Phonograms - (ANSWER)a symbol representing a vocal sound
What are the 4 Components of Language? - (ANSWER)Phonology, Semantics, Syntax, & Pragmatics
Phonology - (ANSWER)sound structure of a language and how sounds operate within that language; an
unconscious set of rules that govern speech that indicates suprasegmental and segmental aspects which
is a very large umbrella term.
Semantics - (ANSWER)the study of word meaning & vocabulary; it includes the meanings of words,
phrases, sentences & text.
Pragmatics - (ANSWER)understanding the social uses of language and basic social rules of
communication
,CALT EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Affix - (ANSWER)prefixes and/or suffixes that are added to base words.
Alphabet Knowledge - (ANSWER)the ability to identify and name the letters of the alphabet, the name is
the anchor.
Alphabetic language - (ANSWER)a language such as English, in which letters are used systematically to
represent speech sounds or phonemes.
Alphabetic Principle - (ANSWER)the understanding that letters (graphemes) are connected to sounds
(phonemes). Letters are the written symbols that are cognitively processed to make reading possible
(Adams, 1990). Letter names are the only stable property of letters (Cox, 1992) as shapes & sounds of
letters vary. The name is the anchor. Knowing letter names provides a springboard for learning and
remembering letter-sound relationships (Ehri, 1983; NICHD, 2000).
Analytic - (ANSWER)presents the whole and teaches how this can be broken down into its component
parts.
Anaphora - (ANSWER)using a pronoun or definite article to refer to something already mentioned (e.g.,
The cat ran quickly. It sprinted down the side street.)
Appositive - (ANSWER)a noun or noun phrase that is placed after a noun to explain it more fully. Usually
this contains modifiers.
Automaticity - (ANSWER)the ability to respond or react without attention or conscious effort.
Comprehension - (ANSWER)making sense of what we read, this depends on good word recognition,
fluency, vocabulary, worldly knowledge, and language ability.
Cumulative - (ANSWER)describes instruction that is presented in sequence that begins with the simplest
skills and concepts and progresses systematically to the more difficult.
,CALT EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Decoding - (ANSWER)to break the phonic code (recognizing a word), to determine the pronunciation of
a word by noting the position of the vowels & consonants.
Diagnostic - (ANSWER)pertaining to instruction in which the teacher is constantly taking notice of how
students are handling the lesson concepts, using this in conjunction with prescriptive instruction.
Emergent Literacy - (ANSWER)cognitive maturation characterized by well-developed oral language
ability, exposure to written language, and metalinguistic awareness.
Encoding - (ANSWER)spelling a word
Executive Function - (ANSWER)the mental processes that allow individuals to regulate their thinking,
behaviors, and actions.
Fluency - (ANSWER)reading words at an adequate rate with a high level of accuracy, understanding
appropriate expression and prosody for understanding in comprehension.
Grapheme - (ANSWER)the smallest unit of a written language which may or may not carry meaning, the
individual letters or groups of letters that represent the individual speech sounds or phonemes.
Handwriting - (ANSWER)writing with a pen or pencil, "this method of duplicating can reproduce
typewriting, handwriting, or drawings"
Metacognitive Strategies/Skills - (ANSWER)thinking about thinking, actively asking questions, self
observation of understanding, etc.
Metalinguistic - (ANSWER)relates to an awareness of language as an entity that can be contemplated;
this is crucial to early reading ability, to understanding discourse patterns, in the classroom, and to
analyzing the language being used to teach the language that must be learned.
Metalinguistics - (ANSWER)this is one kind of metacognition: analyzing, thinking and talking about
language independent of the meanings of words.
, CALT EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Morphemes - (ANSWER)the smallest units of meaning in language; combine to form words; can be
prefixes, roots, suffixes, or whole words; unlike phonemes or syllables, these have meaning; all words
are made up of one or more of these; they link structure and meaning in a language.
Morphology - (ANSWER)the study of word formation of how morphemes combine to form words and to
learn to relate words by meaning through their common roots (legal, illegal, legislation) To differentiate
the meaning of similar looking words that might otherwise be easily confused. The study of this
becomes increasingly important as students begin to learn abstract, decontextualized vocabulary
associated with science, social studies, and math. Students use syllables to pronounce and spell
multisyllabic words.
Multisensory - (ANSWER)often used to describe strategies that involve learners in activities that include
the use of 2 or more sensory modalities simultaneously to take in or express information.
Oral Language - (ANSWER)a spoken system of words with rules for their use that includes listening and
speaking.
Orthography - (ANSWER)refers to the patterns of written language, how words are spelled.
Orthographic memory - (ANSWER)specific memory for letter patterns and words; ortho means "correct"
or how words should be spelled. "The cat jumps." Is not a problem with morphology; it is an
orthography problem.
Prescriptive - (ANSWER)when used with reference to instruction, this entails the changes made to a
lesson to tailor per the group or students, based on performance and anecdotal note; this is for more
practice, review, and/or multisensory activities.
Phonological Awareness - (ANSWER)a sensitivity to the broad sound structure of language; includes
rhyming, alliteration, counting words in sentences, counting syllables in words, omitting syllables.
Phoneme - (ANSWER)the smallest unit of sound that makes one word distinguishable from another
word /c/ /a/ /t/
