Certified Retinal Angiographer (CRA) Examination Study Cards
Photography is ... while medical imaging is... - correct answer Documentary/ diagnostic (like the
angiography dye test)
Ophthalmic photography - correct answer The only type of photography that has diagnostic
capability.
Red eye phenomenon - correct answer Caused by the reflection of the light source in the
retina. Environment poorly lit, resulting in subject pupil to be dilated at time of image. The flash
was also close enough to the lens of the camera to allow for near axial illumination.
Fibrosis - correct answer the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of
injury or after surgery.
Systemic diseases visible without dye injection - correct answer Diabetes, high blood pressure,
some cancers, even early detection of Alzheimer's and other brain diseases.
Digital imaging - correct answer Expanded the capability of the ophthalmic imager to include
other techniques like ICG's and Fundus AF imaging.
Stereo photography - correct answer Fundus imaging used to stimulate the three dimensional
aspect of retinal examination. Can communicate depth in fundus photography and
angiography.
Adnexa - correct answer Supporting structures surrounding the eye that protect and assist.
These include eyelids, muscles, tear glands..
Anterior segment of the eye - correct answer The front half of an eye (lens and cornea)
Posterior segment of the eye - correct answer The back half of the eye (interior surface, sensing
structures, retina)
Stereo field - correct answer Area after seeing the crescent in a fundus camera that is halfway
in and halfway out of the dilated pupil. Because of this the field of view will always be darker
and often not as sharp as the center image. One of the two fields will always have higher
quality than the other.
When imaging a stereo pair on a fundus camera..... - correct answer Movement to take the two
images should always be left to right.
The globe - correct answer Medical term for the eyeball
Rectus muscles - correct answer Main directions of eye movement are accomplished with this.
Superior rectus muscle - correct answer Allow eyeball to look upward.
Inferior rectus muscle - correct answer Allow eyeball to look downward.
,Medial rectus muscle - correct answer Moves eye toward the nose.
Lateral rectus muscle - correct answer Moves eye toward the temple.
Oblique eye muscles (Superior and inferior) - correct answer Additional eye muscles that
provide for the subtle rotation and diagonal movement of the eye.
Attached sideways via a pulley system, when the muscle contracts, it shortens through the
pulley, creating a slight rotational movement of the globe.
Annulus of Zinn - correct answer a dense, fibrous ring of connective tissue located at the apex
of the orbit that is the origin of four of the six extraocular muscles - the superior rectus, inferior
rectus, lateral rectus, and medial rectus.
Eyelids - correct answer These enclose the orbit, protect the globe, and help distribute tears
across the anterior surfaces.
Eyelashes - correct answer Protect eye from debris, dust and perspiration. Also warn of
something close to the eye, results in reflexive closing to provide protection from incoming
objects.
Levator palpebrae (superioris) muscle - correct answer Opens the eye by retracting the upper
eyelid.
'Palpebral' or 'Blepharo' - correct answer indicate 'relating to the eyelids'
Orbicularis Oculi - correct answer Muscle that closes the eyelid.
Inferior and superior tarsal plates - correct answer Cartilaginous plates that provide the eyelid
with structure and assist with the eyes being able to close fully.
Tears: Oily layer - correct answer The outer. Produced by the meibomian glands. Very thin and
helps prevent evaporation of the inner layers of tears.
Meibomian glands - correct answer Located in the eyelids and secreted by blinking.
Tears: Aqueous layer - correct answer The middle. Made primarily of water and proteins. Works
to wash away debris, provide nourishment to the Cornea, and prevent infection. Makes the
largest portion of tears and is produced by the lacrimal gland.
Tears: Mucus layer - correct answer Produced in goblet cells which are located in the
transparent, vascular lining around the eye called the conjunctiva. Helps ensure even
distribution of tears across the globe.
Dry Eye - correct answer A chronic imbalance in the layers of tear film that can cause extreme
irritation and discomfort.
, Lacrimal gland - correct answer Produces the middle aqueous layer of tears for the eye. Located
just above the globe in the outer portion of the orbit. Ducts are distributed throughout the
lining of the upper eyelid in a "string of pearls" configuration. Each string has an opening or
duct at the edge of the eyelids. Easily seen when the eye is inflamed or irritated.
Puncta lacrimalia (punctum) - correct answer Tears drainage system. Located at inside(medial)
edge of both the upper and lower eyelids. Tears drain through these openings into the
nasolacrimal duct, into the sinus cavities, which empty into back of the throat. This is why with
Allergies and crying, the nasal passages fill with fluid and nose runs. Also why can sometimes
taste eye drops!
Conjunctiva - correct answer A vascular, Clear mucous membrane that lines the entire front
portion of aqueous and the inside of the eyelids. Acts as a physical immune barrier, protecting
the eye from microbes and infection. Keeps the bony orbit and any area behind the eyelids
sealed off, which is why you can never lose a contact lens behind the eyeball.
Palpebral Conjunctiva - correct answer runs the length of the eyelids.
Bulbar conjunctiva - correct answer Continues from the palpebral conjunctiva onto the globe.
Fornix - correct answer Base of the upper and lower eyelids.
Conjunctivitis (pink eye) - correct answer Condition where conjunctiva becomes irritated or
infected, most often with a virus or allergies, or more seriously bacteria. Extremely contagious,
whites of eyes nearly obscured with pink or red inflamed blood vessels of the conjunctiva.
Limbus - correct answer Area where the conjunctiva and cornea meet at the front of the eye.
and iris and sclera meet here.
Cornea - correct answer An avascular, Clear optical membrane at the front of the eye that helps
bend, or refract, the light entering the eye. Responsible for 70% of refraction or the focusing
power of the eye. Remaining 30% is created by the lens. Contains high amount of nerve endings
sensitive to touch, temperature and pain. Focusing power fixed to 43 diopters in humans.
Corneal epithelium - correct answer The top/outer most layer of the cornea. Several cell layers
thick and is the first line of defense against permanent injury and damage. Can repair itself
fairly quickly but not without pain. Fingerlike Microvilli distribute across the surface which
provide more surface area for contact with the tear film and maximize the tear/air interface.
Blinking and out of focus images - correct answer Patients are encouraged to blink during an
OCT because when they don't the lens can dry out causing the image to go from sharp to soft
(out of focus).
Bowman's membrane - correct answer the second to outer layer of the cornea which adheres
the corneal epithelium to the stroma.
Photography is ... while medical imaging is... - correct answer Documentary/ diagnostic (like the
angiography dye test)
Ophthalmic photography - correct answer The only type of photography that has diagnostic
capability.
Red eye phenomenon - correct answer Caused by the reflection of the light source in the
retina. Environment poorly lit, resulting in subject pupil to be dilated at time of image. The flash
was also close enough to the lens of the camera to allow for near axial illumination.
Fibrosis - correct answer the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of
injury or after surgery.
Systemic diseases visible without dye injection - correct answer Diabetes, high blood pressure,
some cancers, even early detection of Alzheimer's and other brain diseases.
Digital imaging - correct answer Expanded the capability of the ophthalmic imager to include
other techniques like ICG's and Fundus AF imaging.
Stereo photography - correct answer Fundus imaging used to stimulate the three dimensional
aspect of retinal examination. Can communicate depth in fundus photography and
angiography.
Adnexa - correct answer Supporting structures surrounding the eye that protect and assist.
These include eyelids, muscles, tear glands..
Anterior segment of the eye - correct answer The front half of an eye (lens and cornea)
Posterior segment of the eye - correct answer The back half of the eye (interior surface, sensing
structures, retina)
Stereo field - correct answer Area after seeing the crescent in a fundus camera that is halfway
in and halfway out of the dilated pupil. Because of this the field of view will always be darker
and often not as sharp as the center image. One of the two fields will always have higher
quality than the other.
When imaging a stereo pair on a fundus camera..... - correct answer Movement to take the two
images should always be left to right.
The globe - correct answer Medical term for the eyeball
Rectus muscles - correct answer Main directions of eye movement are accomplished with this.
Superior rectus muscle - correct answer Allow eyeball to look upward.
Inferior rectus muscle - correct answer Allow eyeball to look downward.
,Medial rectus muscle - correct answer Moves eye toward the nose.
Lateral rectus muscle - correct answer Moves eye toward the temple.
Oblique eye muscles (Superior and inferior) - correct answer Additional eye muscles that
provide for the subtle rotation and diagonal movement of the eye.
Attached sideways via a pulley system, when the muscle contracts, it shortens through the
pulley, creating a slight rotational movement of the globe.
Annulus of Zinn - correct answer a dense, fibrous ring of connective tissue located at the apex
of the orbit that is the origin of four of the six extraocular muscles - the superior rectus, inferior
rectus, lateral rectus, and medial rectus.
Eyelids - correct answer These enclose the orbit, protect the globe, and help distribute tears
across the anterior surfaces.
Eyelashes - correct answer Protect eye from debris, dust and perspiration. Also warn of
something close to the eye, results in reflexive closing to provide protection from incoming
objects.
Levator palpebrae (superioris) muscle - correct answer Opens the eye by retracting the upper
eyelid.
'Palpebral' or 'Blepharo' - correct answer indicate 'relating to the eyelids'
Orbicularis Oculi - correct answer Muscle that closes the eyelid.
Inferior and superior tarsal plates - correct answer Cartilaginous plates that provide the eyelid
with structure and assist with the eyes being able to close fully.
Tears: Oily layer - correct answer The outer. Produced by the meibomian glands. Very thin and
helps prevent evaporation of the inner layers of tears.
Meibomian glands - correct answer Located in the eyelids and secreted by blinking.
Tears: Aqueous layer - correct answer The middle. Made primarily of water and proteins. Works
to wash away debris, provide nourishment to the Cornea, and prevent infection. Makes the
largest portion of tears and is produced by the lacrimal gland.
Tears: Mucus layer - correct answer Produced in goblet cells which are located in the
transparent, vascular lining around the eye called the conjunctiva. Helps ensure even
distribution of tears across the globe.
Dry Eye - correct answer A chronic imbalance in the layers of tear film that can cause extreme
irritation and discomfort.
, Lacrimal gland - correct answer Produces the middle aqueous layer of tears for the eye. Located
just above the globe in the outer portion of the orbit. Ducts are distributed throughout the
lining of the upper eyelid in a "string of pearls" configuration. Each string has an opening or
duct at the edge of the eyelids. Easily seen when the eye is inflamed or irritated.
Puncta lacrimalia (punctum) - correct answer Tears drainage system. Located at inside(medial)
edge of both the upper and lower eyelids. Tears drain through these openings into the
nasolacrimal duct, into the sinus cavities, which empty into back of the throat. This is why with
Allergies and crying, the nasal passages fill with fluid and nose runs. Also why can sometimes
taste eye drops!
Conjunctiva - correct answer A vascular, Clear mucous membrane that lines the entire front
portion of aqueous and the inside of the eyelids. Acts as a physical immune barrier, protecting
the eye from microbes and infection. Keeps the bony orbit and any area behind the eyelids
sealed off, which is why you can never lose a contact lens behind the eyeball.
Palpebral Conjunctiva - correct answer runs the length of the eyelids.
Bulbar conjunctiva - correct answer Continues from the palpebral conjunctiva onto the globe.
Fornix - correct answer Base of the upper and lower eyelids.
Conjunctivitis (pink eye) - correct answer Condition where conjunctiva becomes irritated or
infected, most often with a virus or allergies, or more seriously bacteria. Extremely contagious,
whites of eyes nearly obscured with pink or red inflamed blood vessels of the conjunctiva.
Limbus - correct answer Area where the conjunctiva and cornea meet at the front of the eye.
and iris and sclera meet here.
Cornea - correct answer An avascular, Clear optical membrane at the front of the eye that helps
bend, or refract, the light entering the eye. Responsible for 70% of refraction or the focusing
power of the eye. Remaining 30% is created by the lens. Contains high amount of nerve endings
sensitive to touch, temperature and pain. Focusing power fixed to 43 diopters in humans.
Corneal epithelium - correct answer The top/outer most layer of the cornea. Several cell layers
thick and is the first line of defense against permanent injury and damage. Can repair itself
fairly quickly but not without pain. Fingerlike Microvilli distribute across the surface which
provide more surface area for contact with the tear film and maximize the tear/air interface.
Blinking and out of focus images - correct answer Patients are encouraged to blink during an
OCT because when they don't the lens can dry out causing the image to go from sharp to soft
(out of focus).
Bowman's membrane - correct answer the second to outer layer of the cornea which adheres
the corneal epithelium to the stroma.
