,TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter 1: Pathophysiology Basics
Chapter 2: Inflammation, Infection, Immunity, Cancer, and Genetics
Chapter 3: Cardiovascular System
Chapter 4: Hematologic System
Chapter 5: Respiratory System
Chapter 6: Neurologic System
Chapter 7: Gastrointestinal System
Chapter 8: Endocrine System
Chapter 9: Renal System
Chapter 10: Immune System
Chapter 11: Integumentary System
Chapter 12: Sensory System
Chapter 13: Reproductive System
,Chapter 1: Pathophysiology Basics
Focus: Introduces fundamental concepts of pathophysiology.
Content: Homeostasis, cellular stress responses, disease mechanisms
(etiology, risk factors, pathogenesis), acute vs chronic disease, signs and
symptoms, prognosis.
Learning Objective: Understand how and why diseases develop at the cellular
and systemic level.
1. Which of the following best describes homeostasis in a healthy
adult?
A. A state of constant internal equilibrium regardless of external changes
B. The maintenance of a stable internal environment with dynamic
adjustments
C. A condition in which all physiological parameters remain unchanged
D. A fixed set of physiological values that do not vary
Answer: B
Rationale: Homeostasis is dynamic, not static. The body constantly adjusts
physiologic parameters (e.g., temperature, pH, glucose) to maintain equilibrium
within a narrow range despite external or internal changes.
Key words: Homeostasis, internal environment, dynamic equilibrium
2. Which cellular adaptation is most likely to occur in response to
chronic low oxygen levels?
A. Apoptosis
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is a reduction in cell size and function due to decreased
oxygen, nutrient supply, or hormonal stimulation. Chronic hypoxia reduces
cellular workload, leading to atrophy.
Key words: Atrophy, hypoxia, cellular adaptation
,3. Which statement accurately differentiates acute and chronic
disease?
A. Acute diseases have long onset and prolonged duration
B. Chronic diseases develop rapidly and resolve spontaneously
C. Acute diseases have rapid onset and short duration; chronic diseases are
prolonged
D. Chronic diseases always present with severe symptoms from onset
Answer: C
Rationale: Acute diseases present suddenly and are typically self-limited,
whereas chronic diseases develop slowly, persist over months to years, and
often involve long-term management.
Key words: Acute disease, chronic disease, onset, duration
4. Which of the following is an example of a disease with a
multifactorial etiology?
A. Sickle cell anemia
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. Huntington’s disease
D. Cystic fibrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes results from multiple factors, including genetics,
lifestyle, obesity, and insulin resistance. In contrast, Huntington’s and cystic
fibrosis are primarily monogenic.
Key words: Multifactorial etiology, diabetes, genetics, environment
5. Cellular necrosis differs from apoptosis in that necrosis:
A. Is a programmed, energy-dependent process
B. Typically triggers inflammation in surrounding tissue
C. Results in minimal tissue injury
D. Occurs only during development
Answer: B
Rationale: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death due to injury, causing cell
rupture and inflammation. Apoptosis is regulated, energy-dependent, and does
not usually trigger inflammation.
Key words: Necrosis, apoptosis, cell death, inflammation
,6. Which mechanism best explains edema in a patient with
congestive heart failure?
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased oncotic pressure due to dehydration
C. Enhanced lymphatic drainage
D. Increased cellular apoptosis
Answer: A
Rationale: Congestive heart failure increases venous hydrostatic pressure,
pushing fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial space, causing edema.
Key words: Edema, hydrostatic pressure, CHF
7. A patient presents with persistent fatigue, pallor, and low
hemoglobin. These are examples of:
A. Etiology
B. Pathogenesis
C. Signs and symptoms
D. Risk factors
Answer: C
Rationale: Fatigue, pallor, and laboratory findings are manifestations of
disease and are classified as signs (objective) and symptoms (subjective).
Etiology refers to cause; pathogenesis describes disease development.
Key words: Signs, symptoms, clinical manifestations
8. Which of the following best illustrates a modifiable risk factor?
A. Family history of myocardial infarction
B. Hypertension due to lifestyle
C. BRCA1 gene mutation
D. Congenital heart defect
Answer: B
Rationale: Modifiable risk factors can be changed (diet, exercise, smoking,
lifestyle). Genetic predispositions are non-modifiable.
Key words: Risk factors, modifiable, hypertension
, 9. The pathogenesis of an infectious disease involves:
A. Only the pathogen’s genetic makeup
B. Only the host’s immune response
C. Interaction between pathogen, host, and environment
D. Random cellular events
Answer: C
Rationale: Pathogenesis describes the sequence of events from exposure to
clinical disease, including host factors, pathogen characteristics, and
environmental influences.
Key words: Pathogenesis, infection, host-pathogen interaction
10. Which cellular response involves the replacement of one cell
type with another better suited to stress?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia occurs when one differentiated cell type is replaced by
another more resistant to stress (e.g., squamous metaplasia in smokers’
respiratory epithelium).
Key words: Metaplasia, cellular adaptation, stress response
11. Which is the primary difference between etiology and
pathogenesis?
A. Etiology refers to the process of tissue injury; pathogenesis refers to the
cause of disease
B. Etiology is the cause of disease; pathogenesis is the mechanism of disease
development
C. Both refer to clinical manifestations
D. Pathogenesis only applies to infectious diseases
Answer: B
Rationale: Etiology is the cause (e.g., virus, gene mutation); pathogenesis
Chapter 1: Pathophysiology Basics
Chapter 2: Inflammation, Infection, Immunity, Cancer, and Genetics
Chapter 3: Cardiovascular System
Chapter 4: Hematologic System
Chapter 5: Respiratory System
Chapter 6: Neurologic System
Chapter 7: Gastrointestinal System
Chapter 8: Endocrine System
Chapter 9: Renal System
Chapter 10: Immune System
Chapter 11: Integumentary System
Chapter 12: Sensory System
Chapter 13: Reproductive System
,Chapter 1: Pathophysiology Basics
Focus: Introduces fundamental concepts of pathophysiology.
Content: Homeostasis, cellular stress responses, disease mechanisms
(etiology, risk factors, pathogenesis), acute vs chronic disease, signs and
symptoms, prognosis.
Learning Objective: Understand how and why diseases develop at the cellular
and systemic level.
1. Which of the following best describes homeostasis in a healthy
adult?
A. A state of constant internal equilibrium regardless of external changes
B. The maintenance of a stable internal environment with dynamic
adjustments
C. A condition in which all physiological parameters remain unchanged
D. A fixed set of physiological values that do not vary
Answer: B
Rationale: Homeostasis is dynamic, not static. The body constantly adjusts
physiologic parameters (e.g., temperature, pH, glucose) to maintain equilibrium
within a narrow range despite external or internal changes.
Key words: Homeostasis, internal environment, dynamic equilibrium
2. Which cellular adaptation is most likely to occur in response to
chronic low oxygen levels?
A. Apoptosis
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is a reduction in cell size and function due to decreased
oxygen, nutrient supply, or hormonal stimulation. Chronic hypoxia reduces
cellular workload, leading to atrophy.
Key words: Atrophy, hypoxia, cellular adaptation
,3. Which statement accurately differentiates acute and chronic
disease?
A. Acute diseases have long onset and prolonged duration
B. Chronic diseases develop rapidly and resolve spontaneously
C. Acute diseases have rapid onset and short duration; chronic diseases are
prolonged
D. Chronic diseases always present with severe symptoms from onset
Answer: C
Rationale: Acute diseases present suddenly and are typically self-limited,
whereas chronic diseases develop slowly, persist over months to years, and
often involve long-term management.
Key words: Acute disease, chronic disease, onset, duration
4. Which of the following is an example of a disease with a
multifactorial etiology?
A. Sickle cell anemia
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. Huntington’s disease
D. Cystic fibrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes results from multiple factors, including genetics,
lifestyle, obesity, and insulin resistance. In contrast, Huntington’s and cystic
fibrosis are primarily monogenic.
Key words: Multifactorial etiology, diabetes, genetics, environment
5. Cellular necrosis differs from apoptosis in that necrosis:
A. Is a programmed, energy-dependent process
B. Typically triggers inflammation in surrounding tissue
C. Results in minimal tissue injury
D. Occurs only during development
Answer: B
Rationale: Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death due to injury, causing cell
rupture and inflammation. Apoptosis is regulated, energy-dependent, and does
not usually trigger inflammation.
Key words: Necrosis, apoptosis, cell death, inflammation
,6. Which mechanism best explains edema in a patient with
congestive heart failure?
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased oncotic pressure due to dehydration
C. Enhanced lymphatic drainage
D. Increased cellular apoptosis
Answer: A
Rationale: Congestive heart failure increases venous hydrostatic pressure,
pushing fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial space, causing edema.
Key words: Edema, hydrostatic pressure, CHF
7. A patient presents with persistent fatigue, pallor, and low
hemoglobin. These are examples of:
A. Etiology
B. Pathogenesis
C. Signs and symptoms
D. Risk factors
Answer: C
Rationale: Fatigue, pallor, and laboratory findings are manifestations of
disease and are classified as signs (objective) and symptoms (subjective).
Etiology refers to cause; pathogenesis describes disease development.
Key words: Signs, symptoms, clinical manifestations
8. Which of the following best illustrates a modifiable risk factor?
A. Family history of myocardial infarction
B. Hypertension due to lifestyle
C. BRCA1 gene mutation
D. Congenital heart defect
Answer: B
Rationale: Modifiable risk factors can be changed (diet, exercise, smoking,
lifestyle). Genetic predispositions are non-modifiable.
Key words: Risk factors, modifiable, hypertension
, 9. The pathogenesis of an infectious disease involves:
A. Only the pathogen’s genetic makeup
B. Only the host’s immune response
C. Interaction between pathogen, host, and environment
D. Random cellular events
Answer: C
Rationale: Pathogenesis describes the sequence of events from exposure to
clinical disease, including host factors, pathogen characteristics, and
environmental influences.
Key words: Pathogenesis, infection, host-pathogen interaction
10. Which cellular response involves the replacement of one cell
type with another better suited to stress?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia occurs when one differentiated cell type is replaced by
another more resistant to stress (e.g., squamous metaplasia in smokers’
respiratory epithelium).
Key words: Metaplasia, cellular adaptation, stress response
11. Which is the primary difference between etiology and
pathogenesis?
A. Etiology refers to the process of tissue injury; pathogenesis refers to the
cause of disease
B. Etiology is the cause of disease; pathogenesis is the mechanism of disease
development
C. Both refer to clinical manifestations
D. Pathogenesis only applies to infectious diseases
Answer: B
Rationale: Etiology is the cause (e.g., virus, gene mutation); pathogenesis
