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NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Exam
Acute renal failure - correct-answer -Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - correct-answer -Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can
be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - correct-answer -Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
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Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - correct-answer -Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - correct-answer -End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus
combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent
on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is
an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis
and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
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Stage I CKD - correct-answer -There is kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - correct-answer -There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - correct-answer -There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Type 1 Diabetes - correct-answer -Environmental factors:
Viral infections, particularly enteroviruses, coxsackievirus, other infectious
microorganisms
Helicobacter pylori
Exposure to cow's milk proteins
Lack of Vitamin D
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes - correct-answer -According to American Diabetes
Association is: Hemoglobin A1C greater than or equal to 6.5%
NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Exam
Acute renal failure - correct-answer -Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - correct-answer -Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can
be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - correct-answer -Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
,2|Page
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - correct-answer -Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - correct-answer -End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus
combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent
on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is
an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis
and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
, 3|Page
Stage I CKD - correct-answer -There is kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - correct-answer -There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - correct-answer -There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Type 1 Diabetes - correct-answer -Environmental factors:
Viral infections, particularly enteroviruses, coxsackievirus, other infectious
microorganisms
Helicobacter pylori
Exposure to cow's milk proteins
Lack of Vitamin D
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes - correct-answer -According to American Diabetes
Association is: Hemoglobin A1C greater than or equal to 6.5%
