LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, 7TH
EDITION – COMPLETE TEST BANK (UPDATED)
Trans fats – ✓ Linked to higher LDL cholesterol, increased
inflammation, and greater risk of heart disease.
Waxes – ✓ Esters of one long-chain fatty acid and one long-chain
alcohol; function in energy storage, lubrication, structure, insulation, and
waterproofing.
Triacylglycerols – ✓ Composed of a glycerol backbone and three fatty
acids; primarily used for energy storage.
Lipids floating on water – ✓ Lipids are nonpolar, which causes them to
float on polar water surfaces.
Triacylglycerols vs. polysaccharides – ✓ Triacylglycerols have more
reduced carbon atoms and are hydrophobic, allowing energy storage
without water.
Partial hydrogenation – ✓ Converts liquid vegetable oils into solids,
increasing shelf life.
Platelet-activating factor – ✓ More water-soluble than most
glycerophospholipids due to an ether-linked alkyl chain at the C-1
position of glycerol.
Membrane lipids in archaea vs. eukarya – ✓ Archaeal lipids have
ether-linked alkyl chains at both ends, whereas eukaryotic lipids are
glycerol ester-linked to three fatty acids.
Membrane lipids – ✓ Modified to determine human blood type and
constitute 70–80% of total membrane lipids in vascular plants.
,Fatty acids – ✓ Longer chains have higher melting points and lower
solubility in water; more double bonds increase melting points.
Membrane lipids in archaea vs. eukarya – Archaeal lipids contain
alkyl groups ether-linked to glycerol at both ends, while eukaryotic
membrane lipids feature glycerol ester-linked to three fatty acids.
Membrane lipids – Chemically modified to determine human blood
groups and constitute about 70–80% of all membrane lipids in vascular
plants.
Fatty acids – Longer hydrocarbon chains possess higher melting points
and lower water solubility; those with more double bonds generally have
lower melting points.
Trans fats – Linked to heightened inflammation, increased LDL
cholesterol, and a greater chance of developing heart disease.
Waxes – Serve roles in storing energy, lubrication, structural functions,
insulation, and preventing water loss.
Triacylglycerols – Made up of a glycerol framework attached to three
fatty acids and primarily used for energy storage.
Lipids floating on water – Occurs because lipids are nonpolar, whereas
water is polar.
Triacylglycerols vs. polysaccharides – The carbon atoms in
triacylglycerols are more reduced, and due to their hydrophobic nature,
they do not require water to be stored with them.
Partial hydrogenation – Changes vegetable oils from liquid to solid or
semi-solid form and enhances their shelf life.
,Dynamic steady state – A condition in which a system undergoes
continuous changes yet preserves an overall stable status.
Exothermic – A chemical reaction that emits or gives off heat energy.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – The primary molecule that transports
chemical energy within all cells.
Enzymes – Biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the
activation energy required.
Anabolic – Energy-consuming metabolic processes that construct
complex molecules from simpler building blocks.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – The molecule responsible for storing
and transmitting genetic information in cells.
Three-dimensional structure – The main factor determining a protein’s
function, produced by the specific arrangement of its amino acids.
Oparin's theory – A hypothesis about the origin of life proposing that
the early Earth's atmosphere contained methane, ammonia, and water.
Homologues – Genes or gene products that show recognizable sequence
resemblance and typically perform similar functions.
Living organisms – Defined as open systems that sustain a relatively
stable internal composition, remain in balance with their environment,
exist in a dynamic steady state, and possess effective ways to transform
chemical energy between forms.
Plasma membrane – A protective boundary that separates a cell’s
interior from the external environment, made up of lipid and protein
components.
Prokaryotes – Organisms without a true nucleus, such as bacteria.
, Facultative anaerobe – An organism that can survive without oxygen
but is not harmed when oxygen is present.
Energy sources – Phototrophs can utilize carbon dioxide as their carbon
supply, while chemotrophs can use carbon dioxide as an energy input.
Bacterial and archaeal cells – Both feature a thin lipid bilayer
embedded with proteins, containing group-specific modifications in their
cell envelope and a layer of peptidoglycan.
Centrifugation – An effective technique for separating and isolating
cellular organelles.
Carbon – Utilized in living systems because it can form four covalent
bonds, create double bonds, and adopt highly favorable bonding
geometries.
Jacques Monod's statement – Proposes that the biological rules
observed in E. coli are applicable across all living organisms.
Racemic mixture – A combination containing equal quantities of two
mirror-image enantiomers, which can be separated to examine each
one’s biological effects.
Living organisms – Capable of generating specific chiral versions of
biomolecules, whereas laboratory chemical synthesis generally produces
a racemic mixture.
Mutation in DNA – May be harmful or advantageous to an organism,
resulting from an uncorrected error during DNA replication or
improperly repaired damage to one DNA strand.
Stanley Miller's experiment – Exposed a gas mixture resembling
Earth’s early atmosphere to electrical sparks, producing amino acids,
aldehydes, and ribonucleotides.
EDITION – COMPLETE TEST BANK (UPDATED)
Trans fats – ✓ Linked to higher LDL cholesterol, increased
inflammation, and greater risk of heart disease.
Waxes – ✓ Esters of one long-chain fatty acid and one long-chain
alcohol; function in energy storage, lubrication, structure, insulation, and
waterproofing.
Triacylglycerols – ✓ Composed of a glycerol backbone and three fatty
acids; primarily used for energy storage.
Lipids floating on water – ✓ Lipids are nonpolar, which causes them to
float on polar water surfaces.
Triacylglycerols vs. polysaccharides – ✓ Triacylglycerols have more
reduced carbon atoms and are hydrophobic, allowing energy storage
without water.
Partial hydrogenation – ✓ Converts liquid vegetable oils into solids,
increasing shelf life.
Platelet-activating factor – ✓ More water-soluble than most
glycerophospholipids due to an ether-linked alkyl chain at the C-1
position of glycerol.
Membrane lipids in archaea vs. eukarya – ✓ Archaeal lipids have
ether-linked alkyl chains at both ends, whereas eukaryotic lipids are
glycerol ester-linked to three fatty acids.
Membrane lipids – ✓ Modified to determine human blood type and
constitute 70–80% of total membrane lipids in vascular plants.
,Fatty acids – ✓ Longer chains have higher melting points and lower
solubility in water; more double bonds increase melting points.
Membrane lipids in archaea vs. eukarya – Archaeal lipids contain
alkyl groups ether-linked to glycerol at both ends, while eukaryotic
membrane lipids feature glycerol ester-linked to three fatty acids.
Membrane lipids – Chemically modified to determine human blood
groups and constitute about 70–80% of all membrane lipids in vascular
plants.
Fatty acids – Longer hydrocarbon chains possess higher melting points
and lower water solubility; those with more double bonds generally have
lower melting points.
Trans fats – Linked to heightened inflammation, increased LDL
cholesterol, and a greater chance of developing heart disease.
Waxes – Serve roles in storing energy, lubrication, structural functions,
insulation, and preventing water loss.
Triacylglycerols – Made up of a glycerol framework attached to three
fatty acids and primarily used for energy storage.
Lipids floating on water – Occurs because lipids are nonpolar, whereas
water is polar.
Triacylglycerols vs. polysaccharides – The carbon atoms in
triacylglycerols are more reduced, and due to their hydrophobic nature,
they do not require water to be stored with them.
Partial hydrogenation – Changes vegetable oils from liquid to solid or
semi-solid form and enhances their shelf life.
,Dynamic steady state – A condition in which a system undergoes
continuous changes yet preserves an overall stable status.
Exothermic – A chemical reaction that emits or gives off heat energy.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – The primary molecule that transports
chemical energy within all cells.
Enzymes – Biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the
activation energy required.
Anabolic – Energy-consuming metabolic processes that construct
complex molecules from simpler building blocks.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – The molecule responsible for storing
and transmitting genetic information in cells.
Three-dimensional structure – The main factor determining a protein’s
function, produced by the specific arrangement of its amino acids.
Oparin's theory – A hypothesis about the origin of life proposing that
the early Earth's atmosphere contained methane, ammonia, and water.
Homologues – Genes or gene products that show recognizable sequence
resemblance and typically perform similar functions.
Living organisms – Defined as open systems that sustain a relatively
stable internal composition, remain in balance with their environment,
exist in a dynamic steady state, and possess effective ways to transform
chemical energy between forms.
Plasma membrane – A protective boundary that separates a cell’s
interior from the external environment, made up of lipid and protein
components.
Prokaryotes – Organisms without a true nucleus, such as bacteria.
, Facultative anaerobe – An organism that can survive without oxygen
but is not harmed when oxygen is present.
Energy sources – Phototrophs can utilize carbon dioxide as their carbon
supply, while chemotrophs can use carbon dioxide as an energy input.
Bacterial and archaeal cells – Both feature a thin lipid bilayer
embedded with proteins, containing group-specific modifications in their
cell envelope and a layer of peptidoglycan.
Centrifugation – An effective technique for separating and isolating
cellular organelles.
Carbon – Utilized in living systems because it can form four covalent
bonds, create double bonds, and adopt highly favorable bonding
geometries.
Jacques Monod's statement – Proposes that the biological rules
observed in E. coli are applicable across all living organisms.
Racemic mixture – A combination containing equal quantities of two
mirror-image enantiomers, which can be separated to examine each
one’s biological effects.
Living organisms – Capable of generating specific chiral versions of
biomolecules, whereas laboratory chemical synthesis generally produces
a racemic mixture.
Mutation in DNA – May be harmful or advantageous to an organism,
resulting from an uncorrected error during DNA replication or
improperly repaired damage to one DNA strand.
Stanley Miller's experiment – Exposed a gas mixture resembling
Earth’s early atmosphere to electrical sparks, producing amino acids,
aldehydes, and ribonucleotides.
