BIOL1412 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
What is physiology? - ANS the study of how the body functions
what is homeostasis - ANS the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in
an ever-changing outside world
what is homeostasis regulation - ANS - the change in internal environment must be detected
or anticipated
--> then NS and/or endocrine respond altering system(s) responsible for that condition
types of NS/endocrine responses - ANS Anticipatory responses and Feedback mechanisms
what is an anticipatory response? - ANS - anticipating that there might be a disruption to
homeostasis, the anticipation causes stress which can lead to a physiologic response
- may be learned or behavioural
what is a feedback mechanism? - ANS - mechanisms that respond to change in system
- 3 basic components:
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,1. receptors
- monitor variables/conditions
2. control areas
- integrate info and maintain setpoints by signaling to effectors
3. effectors
- create a response that will alter the variable/condition
what is a negative feedback mechanism? - ANS - most common homeostatic control
mechanism
- result of "output"
--> variable moves back toward to set point in the opposite (negative) direction to the change
that triggered the response ("input")
what is a positive feedback mechanism? - ANS - less common, not homeostatic
- output intensifies the input
- variable moves further away from the set point
what is the phospholipid bilayer? - ANS - a continuous layer around the cell
- barrier to water soluble substances
--> not to small molecules (O2 & CO2) and lipid soluble molecules
types of membrane proteins - ANS - Transport Proteins
- Receptor Proteins
- Enzymes
- Joining Proteins
- Identifying Proteins
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,types of transport proteins - ANS 1. channels
- form pore in membrane
- selectively permit channel-mediated facilitated diffusion of water & specific ions
- can be:
--> gated (open or close when signaled)
--> non-gated (leakage channels, always open)
2. carrier proteins
- bind solute & carry across membrane
- allow protein carrier-mediated facilitated transport or active transport
what are receptor proteins - ANS - can bind specific extracellular molecules (=ligands)
--> e.g., hormones, nt's
- e.g., glucose uptake (by skeletal muscle cells or adipose tissue)
what are enzymes - ANS - control chemical reactions on outer or inner surface
- e.g., acetylcholinesterase
- e.g. 2., Na+/K+-ATPase
--> all cells have these
what are joining proteins? - ANS anchor cell membrane to cytoskeleton or an adjacent cell
- junctional proteins between cells forming:
--> desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions
- extracellular fibers (usually glycoproteins)
what are identifying proteins? - ANS - e.g. Major Histocompatibility (MHC) proteins
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, --> on surface of all cells except RBCs
--> identify cell as "self" (part of the body)- not foreign
what are membrane carbohydrates? - ANS - glycoproteins and glycoproteins
- differs for evert cell type
--> allows cells to recognize type
what is membrane transport? - ANS - the movement of material between the intra and extra
cellular fluids
solute and solvent - ANS solute
- substance dissolved in a solution
solvent
- substance solvent is dissolved in
types of membrane transport - ANS passive transport and active processes
what is passive transport? - ANS - no energy required (no ATP)
- movement from a high to low concentration gradient
- the greater the difference in concentration, the more molecules want to move
types of passive transport - ANS - simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
- facilitated transport
- osmosis
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
What is physiology? - ANS the study of how the body functions
what is homeostasis - ANS the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in
an ever-changing outside world
what is homeostasis regulation - ANS - the change in internal environment must be detected
or anticipated
--> then NS and/or endocrine respond altering system(s) responsible for that condition
types of NS/endocrine responses - ANS Anticipatory responses and Feedback mechanisms
what is an anticipatory response? - ANS - anticipating that there might be a disruption to
homeostasis, the anticipation causes stress which can lead to a physiologic response
- may be learned or behavioural
what is a feedback mechanism? - ANS - mechanisms that respond to change in system
- 3 basic components:
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,1. receptors
- monitor variables/conditions
2. control areas
- integrate info and maintain setpoints by signaling to effectors
3. effectors
- create a response that will alter the variable/condition
what is a negative feedback mechanism? - ANS - most common homeostatic control
mechanism
- result of "output"
--> variable moves back toward to set point in the opposite (negative) direction to the change
that triggered the response ("input")
what is a positive feedback mechanism? - ANS - less common, not homeostatic
- output intensifies the input
- variable moves further away from the set point
what is the phospholipid bilayer? - ANS - a continuous layer around the cell
- barrier to water soluble substances
--> not to small molecules (O2 & CO2) and lipid soluble molecules
types of membrane proteins - ANS - Transport Proteins
- Receptor Proteins
- Enzymes
- Joining Proteins
- Identifying Proteins
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,types of transport proteins - ANS 1. channels
- form pore in membrane
- selectively permit channel-mediated facilitated diffusion of water & specific ions
- can be:
--> gated (open or close when signaled)
--> non-gated (leakage channels, always open)
2. carrier proteins
- bind solute & carry across membrane
- allow protein carrier-mediated facilitated transport or active transport
what are receptor proteins - ANS - can bind specific extracellular molecules (=ligands)
--> e.g., hormones, nt's
- e.g., glucose uptake (by skeletal muscle cells or adipose tissue)
what are enzymes - ANS - control chemical reactions on outer or inner surface
- e.g., acetylcholinesterase
- e.g. 2., Na+/K+-ATPase
--> all cells have these
what are joining proteins? - ANS anchor cell membrane to cytoskeleton or an adjacent cell
- junctional proteins between cells forming:
--> desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions
- extracellular fibers (usually glycoproteins)
what are identifying proteins? - ANS - e.g. Major Histocompatibility (MHC) proteins
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, --> on surface of all cells except RBCs
--> identify cell as "self" (part of the body)- not foreign
what are membrane carbohydrates? - ANS - glycoproteins and glycoproteins
- differs for evert cell type
--> allows cells to recognize type
what is membrane transport? - ANS - the movement of material between the intra and extra
cellular fluids
solute and solvent - ANS solute
- substance dissolved in a solution
solvent
- substance solvent is dissolved in
types of membrane transport - ANS passive transport and active processes
what is passive transport? - ANS - no energy required (no ATP)
- movement from a high to low concentration gradient
- the greater the difference in concentration, the more molecules want to move
types of passive transport - ANS - simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
- facilitated transport
- osmosis
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
